Immunoglobulin E and eosinophil-dependent protective immunity to larval Onchocerca volvulus in mice immunized with irradiated larvae

Mice immunized with irradiated Onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae developed protective immunity. Eosinophil levels were elevated in the parasite microenvironment at the time of larval killing, and measurements of total serum antibody levels revealed an increase in the immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in immunized mice. The goal of the present study was to identify the role of granulocytes and antibodies in the protective immune response to the larval stages of O. volvulus in mice immunized with irradiated larvae. Immunity did not develop in mice if granulocytes, including both neutrophils and eosinophils, were eliminated, nor did it develop if only eosinophils were eliminated. Moreover, larvae were killed in na?ve interleukin-5 transgenic mice, and the killing coincided with an increase in the number of eosinophils and the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) level in the animals. To determine if EPO was required for protective immunity, mice that were genetically deficient in EPO were immunized, and there were no differences in the rates of parasite recovery in EPO-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Two mouse strains were used to study B-cell function; micro MT mice lacked all mature B cells, and Xid mice had deficiencies in the B-1 cell population. Immunity did not develop in the micro MT mice but did develop in the Xid mice. Finally, protective immunity was abolished in mice treated to eliminate IgE from the blood. We therefore concluded that IgE and eosinophils are required for adaptive protective immunity to larval O. volvulus in mice.     

Glial cell expression of hepatocyte growth factor in vitreoretinal proliferative disease

The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been crucially implicated in the development of proliferative retinal diseases; however, it is unclear whether retinal glial cells express or respond to HGF. Therefore, we examined the expression of HGF and of the receptor for HGF, c-Met, by immunohistochemical costaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in epiretinal membranes of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), respectively. Furthermore, it was determined whether cells of the human retinal glial cell line, MIO-M1, secrete HGF protein, and whether HGF stimulates proliferation and chemotaxis, and secretion of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Neuroretinas of patients with PVR express elevated mRNA level for HGF in comparison to control retinas. In epiretinal membranes of patients with PVR or PDR, immunoreactivity for HGF and for c-Met, respectively, partially colocalized with immunoreactivity for GFAP. Fetal bovine serum and basic fibroblast growth factor, but not heparin-binding epidermal or platelet-derived growth factors, evoked HGF secretion by cultured retinal glial cells. HGF displayed only a marginal effect on cell proliferation while it stimulated chemotaxis. HGF promoted the secretion of VEGF, via activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. It is concluded that glial cells in epiretinal membranes express both HGF protein and c-Met receptors. The results suggest an autocrine/paracrine role of HGF in glial cell responses during proliferative vitreoretinal disorders as well as in retinal neovascularization, by stimulating of VEGF release.     

Loss of heterozygosity mutations of tumor suppressor genes in cytologically atypical areas in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

The relationship between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a subject of controversy. Some investigators suggest a causal relationship, whereas others regard the two as only a coincidental occurrence. An additional complicating factor is the presence of atypical nuclei frequently found within lymphoid infiltrates in CLT, which resemble those in PTC. The finding of the RET-PTC translocations in CLT has been reported by two independent groups of investigators, suggesting that the areas of nuclear atypia in CLT are neoplastic rather than reactive. In the present study, we report additional molecular findings that support the hypothesis that the atypical nuclear changes in CLT may be preneoplastic or neoplastic. We microdissected small areas with atypical nuclei in glands with CLT and observed loss-of-heterozygosity mutations of tumor suppressor genes. These genetic mutations are evidence of clonal preneoplastic or neoplastic changes in the follicular cells of CLT. The clinical malignant potential of these minute foci is likely to be very small but remains to be determined.     

Fast- and slow-twitch isoforms (SERCA1 and SERCA2a) of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase are expressed simultaneously in chronically stimulated muscle fibers

 Using an immunohistochemical double-labeling technique, we observed that different isoforms of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase are co-expressed in single fibers of canine fast-twitch skeletal muscles stimulated chronically at low frequency. By 7 days of neuromuscular stimulation, the population of hybrid fibers expressing both SERCA1 and SERCA2a [fast- and slow-twitch isoforms of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase] had increased from 1.5% to 9.2% of fibers. By 14 days of stimulation 90% of the pure fast-twitch fibers (expressing only SERCA1) were replaced by hybrid fibers. An additional 28 days of stimulation caused all fast-twitch fibers to express SERCA2a at the same level as found in nonstimulated slow-twitch fibers (expressing only SERCA2a). At this time, one-half of the previously hybrid fibers had become pure slow-twitch fibers. The remaining one-half of the hybrid fibers expressed SERCA1 at a very low level. Extending stimulation to 70 days did not further change the percentage of fibers that were slow-twitch or hybrid. Immunoblot studies at the whole-muscle level confirmed that changes in SERCA expression at 42 days of neuromuscular stimulation were complete. Immunohistochemical analysis of longitudinal sections of muscle showed that the changes in SERCA protein were uniform along the length of the muscle fiber, indicating that nuclei along its length responded equally to chronic stimulation. Received: 12 November 1996 / Received after revision and accepted: 16 December 1996     

Immunomagnetic selection of purified monocyte and lymphocyte populations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells following cryopreservation.

Cryopreservation is a method commonly used to store human blood samples. We sought to determine if cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could be separated effectively into distinct populations by using monoclonal antibodies and immunomagnetic microspheres. PBMC obtained from healthy blood donors and from human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects were cryopreserved for as long as 18 months. Recovered cells were separated into CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T-cell subsets by immunomagnetic selection. Flow cytometry analysis indicated >95% depletion of monocytes from PBMC following immunomagnetic selection with anti-CD14. A highly enriched population of CD4+ T cells was obtained from the CD14-depleted cell fraction by using an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody and detachable immunomagnetic beads. The CD4+ T cells were subsequently separated into CD4+ CD45RO and CD4+ CD45RA fractions. Each fraction contained >90% enrichment for the respective subpopulation and <5% of the reciprocal subpopulation. No significant differences in cell surface expression of leukocyte markers, in efficiency of selection of PBMC subpopulations, or in mitogen-induced proliferation were detected in freshly isolated or cryopreserved cells. Efficient recovery of cryopreserved specimens means that targeted assays can be performed on selected, prospectively stored samples once clinical endpoints have been achieved.     

Energetic limits on reproduction: Maternal food intake

We examined the factors influencing maternal food intake and pup growth in Norway rats. Mother rats allowed pups in naturally large litters to grow at a slower rate than pups in naturally small litters. Pups reared by dams in a warm ambience (26°C) gained weight more slowly than dams at 22°C, and maternal food intake but not weight gain was depressed in the high ambient temperature. Pup growth at 18°C was unimpaired, with those dams eating no more and gaining no less weight than dams at 22°C. Nest material, however, was found to be essential for the successful rearing of young at cooler ambient temperatures. While restriction of food during gestation resulted in a marginally lower weight gain for the pups during the first 2 weeks postpartum, the dams appeared not to mobilize corporal stores or increase their food intake during lactation. Heavy body weight mothers did not eat any more, nor did they gain any less weight nor rear larger pups than light body weight dams. Rat mothers increased their consumption of a diet diluted with non-nutritive fiber to equal the nutritive intake of their controls, with their pups not differing in their growth rate. Pups reared by dams eating a high quality diet grew faster than pups with dams on the control diet. Food intake by mother rats is required during lactation relative to the amount of milk that is delivered to the pups, rather than to an absolute amount of food. Lactating females with a concurrent pregnancy neither increase their food intake nor appear to mobilize their corporal stores to deal with the added energetic drain of pregnancy. Indeed, their young grew somewhat more quickly than pups nursed by dams that were simply lactating. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that Norway rat dams apparently do not monitor and defend a maximal pup growth rate. Rather, rat dams seem to continue to defend their own homeostasis, and by doing so, allow the young to grow and survive under a wide variety of circumstances.     

Differentiation of Strains of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus by Neutralization Kinetics with Late 19S Rabbit Antibodies

Two vaccine, two respiratory (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [IBR]), and two genital (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis [IPV]) strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were compared by neutralization kinetics using late 19S antibody (AB). The two vaccine strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized far more rapidly than the other four strains when either anti-IBR or anti-IPV 19S AB was used. The two IPV strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized significantly more rapidly than the two IBR strains when anti-IBR 19S AB was used. The 2 IBR strains were neutralized at a similar rate with the latter globulin preparation. Almost identical results were obtained with anti-IPV 19S AB, except that one IPV strain was neutralized at a rate similar to the IBR strains. However, when early and late rabbit 7S AB were used, IBR strains could not be distinguished from IPV strains by neutralization kinetics. Preliminary experiments indicated that both early and late 19S rabbit antibodies neutralized the homologous strain more rapidly than the heterologous strain, but the difference was more noticeable with late 19S AB. It was also determined that neutralization of IBR-IPV virus by specific early and late 19S rabbit AB and early 7S rabbit AB was markedly enhanced by guinea pig complement. Neutralization of this virus by late 7S AB, however, was only slightly enhanced by complement. These results suggest that vaccine strains of IBR-IPV virus may be distinguished by neutralization kinetics with late 19S rabbit AB, and that genital and respiratory strains may possibly also be distinguishable with some 19S AB preparations.