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61.
62.
Injections of the retrograde fluorescent tracer fast blue in the striatum (STR) and nuclear yellow in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) revealed a nigropallidal projection whose cellular origin was largely distinct from that of the nigrostriatal pathway. Neurons containing the tracer injected in GPi were scattered throughout the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area complex where they formed approximately 20-25% of the total number of retrogradely labeled cells. Only about 5-10% of all positive neurons were double-labeled after STR-GPi injections. In experiments combining the use of the fluorescent tracer propidium iodide with immunofluorescence, the majority of neurons projecting to GPi displayed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Hence, in addition to their important role at striatal level, midbrain dopaminergic neurons may influence directly the output neurons of the basal ganglia at pallidal level in primates. 相似文献
63.
Dissociation of GFAP intermediate filaments in EAE: observations in the lumbar spinal cord 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease of central nervous system myelin. The lesion has been characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, edema, and periventricular infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. At the early stage of the disease, the astrocytes show a marked increase in immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). A corresponding increase in GFAP content, however, cannot be demonstrated. Electron microscopic examination of the early lesion shows a typical reactive astrocytic response expressed by an enlarged watery cytoplasm, particularly at the level of the processes surrounding neurons and blood vessels and in the neuropil itself. The astroglial processes contain numerous glycogen particles (aggregates and single particles). Glial filaments are also conspicuous and are arranged in small bundles or loose thin filaments adjacent to the bundles. The glial filaments that normally appear as tight bundles have expanded and appear less dense. We suggest that the increase in GFAP immunostaining of the astrocytes in the early lesion is due in part to edema, which causes dissociation of the filaments and thereby exposes more antigenic sites to the antibodies. 相似文献
64.
65.
A preliminary report of the short-term effect of carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism in normal women 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S Smith J Swain E M Brown G Wyshak T Albright V A Ravnikar I Schiff 《Archives of internal medicine》1989,149(11):2517-2519
A variety of nutritional factors influence the bioavailability of calcium and increase a woman's risk of osteoporosis. Eight healthy women completed an 8-week metabolic study designed to investigate the effect of nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism. Compared with women receiving a control diet, women consuming a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages demonstrated similar mean serum levels of calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and osteocalcin. Twenty-four-hour urine volume, creatinine clearance, calcium-creatinine ratio, and phosphorus-creatinine ratio were similar during consumption of the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages and the control diet. Twenty-four-hour cyclic adenosine monophosphate-creatinine ratio was significantly lower in women consuming the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverage compared with women receiving the control diet (342 +/- 27.4 nmol/mmol vs 409 +/- 22.1 nmol/mmol). Consumption of a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages on a short-term basis does not appear to affect adversely the serum or urinary markers of calcium metabolism. 相似文献
66.
Chad G. Ball Andrew W. Kirkpatrick Matthew Smith Robert H. Mulloy Leonard Tse Ian B. Anderson 《European journal of trauma and emergency surgery》2007,33(5):550-552
Abstract We report a case of SMV injury in a critically ill patient. The patient was a 19-year-old woman involved in a motor vehicle
collision. Her injuries included grade II splenic and renal lacerations, devascularized and lacerated right and transverse
colon, a transected transverse mesocolon, a massive shear injury of her abdominal wall, and two partial SMV transections.
At initial damage control laparotomy, the SMV was ligated, the devascularized bowel resected and a temporary abdominal closure
applied. At re-operation, a mesocaval shunt using saphenous vein was employed. The shunt failed and the patient required a
saphenous vein jump graft. Although visceral vascular injuries are rare, ligation of the SMV in a damage control situation
is acceptable. This case study is the first to discuss appropriate treatment when interruption to a patient's collateral visceral
venous drainage limits the surgeon’s ability to ligate. In these situations, bypass shunts may be successful. 相似文献
67.
G A Gabriels H McIlleron P J Smith P I Folb P B Fourie 《The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease》2007,11(2):181-188
SETTING: The assessment of rifampicin (RMP) containing fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulations using in vivo bioequivalence testing is widely accepted. It would be advantageous for both the drug regulatory authorities and drug manufacturers, for optimum minimum blood testing time intervals that encompass all anti-tuberculosis active constituents in the FDC to be established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimum blood sampling schedule for testing novel FDC anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid, RMP, pyrazinamide and ethambutol DESIGN: The results of 12 different single-dose, two-way cross-over designs are presented. The studies determined the bioavailability and bioequivalence of RMP-containing FDCs, and conformed with the requirements of the South African national drug regulatory authority for each of the active constituents. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters to determine bioavailability and the Hauschke method to determine bioequivalence revealed that a six-point time protocol, namely 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h, provides a good approximation of the area under the curve, and that an 11-point time protocol of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h provided information comparable to the conventional 15 time-points for FDCs containing up to four drugs. CONCLUSION: The findings provide concrete economic benefit and convenience for quality assurance testing of existing and novel FDCs. 相似文献
68.
69.
Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1H) Induction Therapy in Cadaveric Kidney Transplantation—Efficacy and Safety at Five Years 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Christopher J. E. Watson J. Andrew Bradley Peter J. Friend John Firth Craig J. Taylor John R. Bradley Kenneth G. C. Smith Sathia Thiru Neville V. Jamieson Geoff Hale Herman Waldmann Roy Calne 《American journal of transplantation》2005,5(6):1347-1353
Alemtuzumab is a powerful lymphocyte depleting antibody currently being evaluated in solid organ transplantation. This paper describes 5-year results of a single center study of alemtuzumab as induction in renal transplantation. Thirty-three renal transplant recipients received 20 mg alemtuzumab on day 0 and 1, followed by half-dose cyclosporin monotherapy (trough concentration 75-125 ng/mL) from day 3. They were compared in a retrospective contemporaneous-controlled manner with 66 kidney transplant recipients transplanted in the same period and center who received conventional immunosuppression with cyclosporin, azathioprine and prednisolone. In the alemtuzumab group 12% of recipients died compared to 17% in the control group (p = 0.48); likewise graft loss was similar in both groups (21% vs. 26%, respectively, p = 0.58). Incidence of acute rejection was also comparable at 5 years (31.5% vs. 33.6%), although the pattern of rejection was different with 14% patients in the alemtuzumab group experiencing rejection over 1 year post-transplant compared to none in the control group. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of infection or serious adverse events. While acknowledging the limitations of a relatively small single-center study, results suggest that alemtuzumab induction allowed satisfactory long-term patient and graft survival equivalent to that seen with standard triple immunosuppression, while avoiding steroid therapy. 相似文献
70.
E J Garland D H Smith 《Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry》1991,30(4):553-555
Concurrent acute onset of night terrors, somnambulism, and spontaneous daytime panic attacks meeting the criteria for panic disorder is reported in a 10-year-old boy with a family history of panic disorder. Both the parasomnias and the panic disorder were fully responsive to therapeutic doses of imipramine. A second case of night terrors and infrequent full symptom panic attacks is noted in another 10-year-old boy whose mother has panic disorder with agoraphobia. The clinical resemblance and reported differences between night terrors and panic attacks are described. The absence of previous reports of this comorbidity is notable. It is hypothesized that night terror disorder and panic disorder involve a similar constitutional vulnerability to dysregulation of brainstem altering systems. 相似文献