明尼苏达州酒后驾车者安全带的使用(文摘)

目的 :近来与饮酒有关的交通事故发生率下降 ,原因之一是大多数的州制定了座椅安全带使用的法律。座椅安全带的使用与司机饮酒之间是否相关 ,尽管这方面的证据很少 ,甚至互相矛盾 ,人们怀疑酒后驾车者更有可能不遵守这一法律。本研究的目的在于检查司机饮酒与座椅安全带使用之间的关系。方法 :1 990年 9月夜间 ,在明尼苏达州 1 6个社区收集的观察、自我报告和化学呼气测醉试验资料。结果 :血液酒精浓度超过法定标准 (ＯＲ 1 0 0ｍｇ/ｄｌ)的驾车者 ,很少有人愿意使用安全带 (比值比ＯＲ =2 1 7) ;女性使用座椅安全带的较多 (ＯＲ =2 0 2 …     

The Prevalence of Abnormal Metabolic Parameters in Obese and Overweight Children

Background: This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal metabolic parameters in obese children and its correlation to the degree of obesity determined by body mass index (BMI). Methods: In total, 101 children seen at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Obesity Clinic at Stony Brook Children's University Hospital were enrolled in the study. The degree of obesity was characterized according to the following formula: (patient's BMI/BMI at 95th percentile) × 100%, with class I obesity >100%–120%, class II obesity >120%–140%, and class III obesity >140%. A set of metabolic parameters was evaluated in these patients. Frequency distributions of all study variables were examined using the χ² test of independence. Mean differences among the obesity classes and continuous measures were examined using 1‐way analysis of variance. Results: Within our study population, we found that 80% of our obese children had a low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, 58% had elevated fasting insulin levels, and 32% had an elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Class II obese children had a 2‐fold higher ALT value when compared with class I children (P = .036). Fasting insulin, ALT, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels trended with class of obesity. Conclusion: Obese children in classes II and III are at higher risk for developing abnormal laboratory values. We recommend obese children be further classified to reflect the severity of the obesity since this has predictive significance for comorbidities. Obesity classes I, II, and III could help serve as a screening tool to help communicate risk assessment.