The Future of Clinical Psychology: Board Certification

The present article presents the future of clinical psychology board certification. With the increasing specialization in the field of professional psychology and the generic nature of state licensure, clinical psychology as a specialty will develop into a specialty area in a similar fashion as have specialties in medicine. A brief history of board certification in professional psychology by the American Board of Professional Psychology is reviewed and the process of becoming board certified in either clinical psychology or clinical child and adolescent psychology is discussed.     

Intraligamentous injection of sclerosing solutions (prolotherapy) for spinal pain: a critical review of the literature.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The injection of various solutions aimed at producing a sclerosing effect has been used to treat soft tissues injuries (eg, inguinal hernia) for more than 100 years. In the 1930s, this treatment approach was applied to injured joints in an attempt to stimulate connective tissue repair. Although several studies have been published about this method of treatment for various orthopedic and spinal indications (termed prolotherapy), its use remains controversial. PURPOSE: To conduct a critical review of the literature on prolotherapy for spinal pain. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Critical review of the literature. METHODS: Computerized medical literature databases (Medline, CINAHL, Mantis, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched to uncover all published information about the use of sclerosing injections in humans with spinal pain disorders. Search results were reviewed for relevance, and information was abstracted from full-text articles. RESULTS: Our search uncovered almost 200 reference materials in various media related to prolotherapy, including 31 clinical studies related to spinal pain. There were 26 observational cohorts and 5 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Indications in these studies were low back pain (22), neck pain (3), cervical headaches (3) and dorsal or thoracic pain (3). A total of 20 sclerosing solutions were used in these studies; the most common was a mixture of dextrose 12.5%, glycerin 12.5%, phenol 1.25% and lidocaine 0.25%. Wide variations were found in treatment protocols, such as dose, number of treatments and use of adjunct therapies. Most cohort studies were only of moderate quality and varied greatly in the substances injected and the use of co-interventions. Most clinical studies reported positive results such as decreased pain or disability, although differences between treatment and control groups did not always reach statistical significance. Commonly reported adverse reactions to this treatment include temporary postinjection pain and stiffness. A handful of more serious adverse events were reported in the 1950s and 1960s with stronger or unknown solutions. CONCLUSION: Prolotherapy describes a variety of treatment approaches rather than a specific protocol. Results from clinical studies published to date indicate that it may be effective at reducing spinal pain. Great variation was found in the injection and treatment protocols used in these studies that preclude definite conclusions. Future research should focus on those solutions and protocols that are most commonly used in clinical practice and have been used in trials reporting effectiveness to help determine which patients, if any, are most likely to benefit from this treatment.     

Lipid monolayer states and their relationships to bilayers.

Uncommon methods of formation and analysis of lipid monolayers have enabled the recognition of several monolayer states and the identification of that in which molecular organization corresponds closely to that of the bilayer. Monolayers were formed by continuously adding a solution of phospholipid [dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in hexane/ethanol, 9:1 (vol/vol)] to the air/water interface of a constant-area trough. This procedure generates unconventional surface pressure (pi)-surface concentration (gamma) isotherms, which for liquid-crystalline monolayers consist of straight lines with three prominent intersections, two of which are not apparent in conventional pi-A isotherms. The regions of linear change of pi are explicable in terms of the area dependence of alkyl chain entropy. The two breaks at lower pi delimit states in which both chains lie parallel to the surface. The third occurs at collapse, which corresponds to a true equilibrium for unstressed liposomes. Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of bilayers, particularly phase-transition parameters, correspond closely to those of monolayers with which they are in equilibrium.     

The American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus workforce distribution project.

PURPOSE: To describe data sources and functional utility of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) workforce database and associated map files. METHODS: Population data from the 2000 U.S. Census and current listings from the AAPOS and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) databases were organized to demonstrate and analyze practitioner-to-population relationships for metropolitan statistical areas nationwide. An interactive map was developed to provide an intuitive graphical display of the data. RESULTS: A total of 749 active AAPOS members were distributed in 154 of 280 defined metropolitan statistical areas. Within these areas, a 0- to 20-year age subgroup varied from 17.8% to 42.6%, with an average of 30.4%. The AAPOS member-to-million-person ratio varied from 1.3 to 27, with higher numbers generally representing regions with population bases inadequately defined by Census Bureau statistical area definitions. Ratios for a majority of larger, better-defined areas ranged from 3 to 4 AAPOS members per million persons. Sizable areas with no AAPOS member presence were identified and tabulated. AAO members with a specified pediatric practice focus who were not AAPOS members were identified in 103 areas, possibly influencing patient choices and practitioner referrals for these regions. CONCLUSIONS: The AAPOS workforce database and related interactive map display practitioner and population data that may assist physicians and planners in targeting practice development and identifying potentially underserved areas.     

Season of birth and risk of atopic disease among children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Season of birth (SOB) has been regarded as a risk factor for atopy. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between season of birth (SOB) and later development of atopic disease in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1,007 randomly selected subjects, 7 to 17 years of age, who were living in urban Copenhagen, Denmark were studied. All participants were interviewed about respiratory symptoms and possible risk factors for atopic disease. Skin test reactivity, serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and airway responsiveness were measured using standard techniques. RESULTS: The overall risk of atopy, as judged by skin test reactivity and serum total IgE, was the same regardless of SOB. On the contrary, asthma was more common in subjects born in the autumn compared with subjects born during the remaining part of the year (12.4% vs. 5.6%), OR = 2.40, 95% CI (1.56-3.94), p < 0.001. This was observed both for atopic asthma OR = 2.41, 95% CI (1.25-4.64), p = 0.007, non-atopic asthma, OR = 2.35, 95% CI (1.14-4.83), p = 0.02, and house dust mite (HDM) sensitive airway hyperresponsiveness, OR = 3.00, 95% CI (1.44-6.24), p = 0.002. Rhinitis and pollen allergy were not significantly related to SOB. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy itself is independent of season of birth, whereas asthma is more prevalent among subjects born during the autumn. Regarding asthma, these results suggest that the first months of life enclose a period of particular vulnerability towards environmental risk factors, especially exposure to aeroallergens like HDM.