Flavonoids fromCirsium rhinoceros

Six flavonoids were isolated from the aerial parts ofCirsium rhinoceros. The flavonoids were identified as apigenin, luteolin, pectolinarigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, linarin, pectolinarin and hispidulin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence.     

Evidence that the nitrergic neurotransmitter and endothelium-derived relaxing factor might be S-nitrosothiols in the mouse corpus cavernosum

The effects of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent on nitrergic, endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations were investigated to examine the possibility that the nitrergic neurotransmitter and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) could be S-nitrosothiol or free nitric oxide (NO) in the isolated mouse corpus cavernosum. Thimerosal (5 x 10(-6)-2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited or almost abolished electrical field stimulation--(EFS, 30V, 0.5 ms, 15 sec, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz), acetylcholine--(ACh, 5 x 10(-8)-1.25 x 10(-6) M), glyceryl trinitrate--(GTN, 3 x 10(-7)-3 x 10(-6) M), and S-nitrosoglutathione--(GSNO, 5 x 10(-6)-1.25 x 10(-4) M) induced relaxations. Thiomerosal inhibition seems to be specific to L-arginine NO pathways since it had no effect on acidified sodium nitrite--(10(-4)-5 x 10(-4) M), photoactivated sodium nitrite--(2 x 10(-4) M), isoprenaline--(10(-6) M), or papaverine--(10(-4) M) elicited relaxations. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of thimerosal on the nitrergic, ACh- or GTN-induced relaxations were partly reversed by sulfhydryl-containing compounds, L-cysteine (10(-3) M), dithiothreitol (10(-3) M), or glutathione (10(-3) M). However L-methionine (10(-3) M), which contains a methyl group on the sulphur atom, failed to restore the thimerosal inhibition. Thimerosal did not change the contraction produced by 10(-4) M NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. These findings indicate that the nitrergic neurotransmitter as well as EDRF may not be free NO but NO-transferring molecules, probably S-nitrosothiols, in the mouse corpus cavernosum.     

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor of finger, localized type: a case report

The authors report a typical case of tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the right middle finger of a 31-year-old man. Histologically, this tumor is characterized by a discrete proliferation of rounded synovial-like cells accompanied by a variable number of multinucleated giant cells, inflammatory cells, and xanthoma cells. Clinicopathologically, this tumor is a benign lesion that nonetheless possesses a capacity for local recurrence. Local excision with a small cuff of normal tissue is the treatment of choice in this tumor.     

A mutation correcting the DNA interaction defects of a mutant phage lambda terminase, gpNu1 K35A terminase

Terminase, the DNA packaging enzyme of bacteriophage lambda, is a heteromultimer composed of gpNu1 (181 aa) and gpA (641 aa) subunits, encoded by the lambda Nu1 and A genes, respectively. Similarity between the deduced amino acid sequences of gpNu1 and gpA and the nucleotide binding site consensus sequence suggests that each terminase subunit has an ATP reactive center. Terminase has been shown to have two distinct ATPase activities. The gpNu1 subunit has a low-affinity ATPase stimulated by nonspecific DNA and gpA has a high-affinity ATPase. In previous work, a mutant terminase, gpNu1 K35A holoterminase, had a mild defect in interactions with DNA, such that twofold increased DNA concentrations were required both for full stimulation of the low-affinity ATPase and for saturation of the cos cleavage reaction. In addition, the gpNu1 K35A terminase exhibited a post-cleavage defect in DNA packaging that accounted for the lethality of the Nu1 K35A mutation [Y. Hwang and M. Feiss (1997) Virology 231, 218-230]. In the work reported here, a mutation in the turn of the putative helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain has been isolated as a suppressor of the gpNu1 K35A change. This suppressor mutation causes the change A14V in gpNu1. A14V reverses the DNA-binding defects of gpNu1 K35A terminase, both for stimulation of the low-affinity ATPase and for saturation of the cos cleavage defect. A14V suppresses the post-cleavage DNA packaging defect caused by the gpNu1 K35A change.     

Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder

Background: Gabapentin, a new anti-epileptic agent, has been anecdotally reported to be effective in the treatment of mania. We systematically assessed the response rate in bipolar patients being treated adjunctively with gabapentin for manic symptoms, depressive symptoms, or rapid cycling not responsive to standard treatments.
Method: Twenty-eight bipolar patients experiencing manic (n=18), depressive (n=5), or rapid-cycling (n=5) symptoms inadequately responsive to at least one mood stabilizer were treated in an open fashion with adjunctive gabapentin. Illness response was assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale modified for bipolar disorder (CGI-BP). A 'positive response' was operationalized as a CGI response of much or very much improved.
Results: Fourteen of the 18 (78%) treated for hypomania or mania had a positive response to a dosage range of 600–3600 mg/day. Patients with hypomania responded fastest, with a positive response achieved in 12.7±7.2 days. Patients with classic mania had a mean time to positive response of 25±12 days, and in patients with mixed mania it was 31.8±20.9 days. All of the five patients treated for depression had a positive response within 21±13.9 days. Only one of five patients with rapid cycling had a positive response. Gabapentin was well tolerated by all patients, with the most common side-effect being sedation.
Conclusions: Gabapentin appears to have acute anti-manic and anti-depressant properties as an adjunctive agent for refractory bipolar illness. Prospective double-blind studies are needed to further delineate its acute efficacy when used as monotherapy and its prophylactic efficacy as monotherapy or in conjuction with other mood stabilizers.     

Simple scintigraphic parameters with Tc-99m galactosyl human serum albumin for clinical staging of chronic hepatocellular dysfunction

Technetium-99m labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-galactosyl human serum albumin (GSA) has been used for hepatocellular functional evaluation. This study proposed new and simple parameters to overcome the limitations of conventional parameters, and they were applied to the clinical staging of chronic liver dysfunction. The study group consisted of 93 patients including 81 with liver dysfunction and 12 control patients. In addition to the two conventional parameters, namely, receptor index (LHL15 = liver count divided by the sum of liver and heart counts at 15 minutes) and clearance index (HH15 = heart count at 15 minutes divided by the heart count at 3 minutes), 6 new parameters for Tc-99m GSA uptake and clearance were generated. The conventional receptor index of LHL15 showed a large variation depending on the size of region of interest (ROI) over the heart. The LHL15 normalized by the ROI size (nLHL15) showed more stable data and a better separation of mild liver dysfunction. A hyperbolic relationship between the LHL15 and HH 15 changed to a linear relationship by using the nLHL15 index. The combination of the liver to heart average count ratio at 15 minutes (LH 15) and T-half (minute) of the heart count also could differentiate each stage well. In conclusion, the use of the ROI-area normalized nLHL is recommended instead of the conventional LHL15. The indices of LH15 and T-half could be alternatively used as practical parameters for clinical staging in liver function.     

Hemiballismus-hemichorea in older diabetic women: a clinical syndrome with MRI correlation

Eight older women from two different continents, all with nonketotic hyperglycemia, presented with hemiballismus-hemichorea (HB-HC) and high signal intensity in the contralateral striatum on T1-weighted MRI scans. Correction of underlying hyperglycemia and supportive care resulted in resolution within days to weeks. This characteristic clinicoradiologic picture suggests a clinical syndrome with benign outcome.     

Social interactions of high school students with mental retardation and their general education peers

The informal social interaction behavior that is typical of a high school lunchroom in which general and special education students are physically included was described. Using systematic observation and social comparison methods, we compared the performance of two groups of students (12 general education students and 12 students with mental retardation). Both similarities and differences were found in the interactions of students with mental retardation and their general education peers with respect to social behaviors, conversational topics, and context within which interactions occurred. However, despite being in proximity, students with mental retardation rarely interacted with any of approximately 500 general education students present in the lunchroom. Implications are discussed for increasing social interaction among high school students.     

The Lancaster red-green test before and after occlusion in the evaluation of incomitant strabismus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with incomitant strabismus can often fuse in a limited area of gaze. Prolongation of neurologically learned fusional vergence tone ("vergence adaptation") in and near this area can result in misleading measurements with standard clinical measures of strabismus. Monocular occlusion for at least 30 minutes eliminates most of the effect of vergence adaptation. The Lancaster red-green test provides an elegant and convenient map of incomitant strabismus. We investigated the efficacy of the Lancaster red-green test before and after monocular occlusion for the investigation of incomitant strabismus. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the results of the Lancaster red-green test in 6 patients with incomitant vertical strabismus in whom we suspected that vergence adaptation might be distorting the pattern of deviation. The test was performed before and after monocular occlusion for 30 to 60 minutes, and the preocclusion and postocclusion results were compared. RESULTS: In the 6 cases studied, the Lancaster red-green test showed at least a 5-PD increase in the hyperdeviation, after monocular occlusion. The increases were mostly in primary gaze and downgaze, which tended to regularize the pattern of deviation. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of monocular occlusion and the Lancaster red-green test is useful for uncovering the effect of vergence adaptation. Such results may often simplify the planning of surgical correction because the incomitance usually decreases after monocular occlusion, making it less likely that surgery will worsen the alignment in the area previously fused. We recommend that monocular occlusion should be considered when planning surgery or even prism correction for incomitant deviations, especially when the initial Lancaster red-green test shows an unexpected incomitant pattern where there is fusion in 1 direction of gaze but not in others.     

The relationship between stereopsis and monocular optokinetic optokinetic nystagmus after infantile cataracts.

PURPOSE: Visual deprivation disrupting binocular development, such as that occurring with congenital cataract, is reported to cause asymmetric monocular optokinetic nystagmus (MOKN), as well as poor sensory and motorfusional outcome. We wanted to determine if symmetric MOKN could develop in cases of congenital cataract with good fusional outcome. METHODS: We tested MOKN (with video and electro-oculographic recordings) and stereoacuity on 5 patients with good visual acuity and satisfactory ocular alignment after surgery for congenital cataract. RESULTS: Stereoacuity was better than 50 seconds of arc in 1 case of monocular cataract and 2 cases of bilateral cataract. These case patients had symmetric MOKN. In a monocular cataract case, symmetric MOKN was observed in spite of questionable stereoacuity (at least 500 arc/s). One patient showed asymmetric MOKN, despite good visual acuity, and stereoacuity of 200 arc/s. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with congenital cataract can have symmetric MOKN and good stereopsis. These cases suggest that MOKN symmetry develops along with good stereopsis, but the quality of stereopsis necessary for development of MOKN symmetry remains unclear.