Bee Pollen: Current Status and Therapeutic Potential

Bee pollen is a combination of plant pollen and honeybee secretions and nectar. The Bible and ancient Egyptian texts are documented proof of its use in public health. It is considered a gold mine of nutrition due to its active components that have significant health and medicinal properties. Bee pollen contains bioactive compounds including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenols. The vital components of bee pollen enhance different bodily functions and offer protection against many diseases. It is generally marketed as a functional food with affordable and inexpensive prices with promising future industrial potentials. This review highlights the dietary properties of bee pollen and its influence on human health, and its applications in the food industry.     

Unravelling Bile Viromes of Free-Range Laying Chickens Clinically Diagnosed with Spotty Liver Disease: Emergence of Many Novel Chaphamaparvoviruses into Multiple Lineages

Spotty liver disease (SLD) causes substantial egg production losses and chicken mortality; therefore, it is a disease that concerns Australian egg farmers. Over the last few decades, much research has been conducted to determine the etiologic agents of SLD and to develop potential therapeutics; however, SLD still remains a major issue for the chicken industries globally and remained without the elucidation of potentially multiple pathogens involved. To help fill this gap, this study was aimed at understanding the viral diversity of bile samples from which the SLD-causing bacterium, Campylobacter hepaticus, has been isolated and characterised. The collected samples were processed and sequenced using high-throughput next-generation sequencing. Remarkably, this study found 15 galliform chaphamaparvoviruses (GaChPVs), of which 14 are novel under the genus Chaphamaparvovirus. Among them, nine were complete genomes that showed between 41.7% and 78.3% genome-wide pairwise similarities to one another. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis using the NS1 gene exhibited a multiple incursion of chaphamaparvovirus lineages, including a novel lineage of unknown ancestral history in free-range laying chickens in Australia. This is the first evidence of circulating many parvoviruses in chickens in Australia, which has increased our knowledge of the pathogen diversity that may have an association with SLD in chickens.     

Bioactivity of the vascular endothelial growth factor trapped in fibrin clots: production of IL-6 and IL-8 in monocytes by fibrin clots.

The blood coagulation cascade is activated following vascular-wall injury. The serine protease thrombin is the final protease in this cascade that causes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. Thrombin also causes the activation of platelets, which are trapped in a fibrin net followed by hemostasis. Platelets gathered into fibrin clots release several growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta. In the present study, we demonstrated that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could be bound to fibrin clots in the plasma, and that incubation of the endothelial cells with these VEGF-bound fibrin clots induced proliferation of endothelial cells. Thus, it suggests that clot-bound VEGF may play a role in wound healing through the proliferation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth-muscle cells. On the other hand, a noticeable migration of monocytes was observed when they were cultured on dishes in the presence of VEGF-bound fibrin clots. Moreover, peripheral blood monocytes incubated in the presence of VEGF-bound fibrin clots strikingly increased the production of IL-6 and IL-8, demonstrating that VEGF trapped in fibrin clots not only induces proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and migration of monocytes but also enhances secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. Thus, our data suggest that fibrin clots that contain several growth factors act as a bioactive reservoir and may play an important role in hemostasis as well as wound healing.     

Genomic Characterisation of a Novel Avipoxvirus Isolated from an Endangered Yellow-Eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)

Emerging viral diseases have become a significant concern due to their potential consequences for animal and environmental health. Over the past few decades, it has become clear that viruses emerging in wildlife may pose a major threat to vulnerable or endangered species. Diphtheritic stomatitis, likely to be caused by an avipoxvirus, has been recognised as a significant cause of mortality for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in New Zealand. However, the avipoxvirus that infects yellow-eyed penguins has remained uncharacterised. Here, we report the complete genome of a novel avipoxvirus, penguinpox virus 2 (PEPV2), which was derived from a virus isolate obtained from a skin lesion of a yellow-eyed penguin. The PEPV2 genome is 349.8 kbp in length and contains 327 predicted genes; five of these genes were found to be unique, while a further two genes were absent compared to shearwaterpox virus 2 (SWPV2). In comparison with penguinpox virus (PEPV) isolated from an African penguin, there was a lack of conservation within the central region of the genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the PEPV2 genome positioned it within a distinct subclade comprising the recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater, canary, and magpie bird species, and demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity with SWPV2 (96.27%). This is the first reported genome sequence of PEPV2 from a yellow-eyed penguin and will help to track the evolution of avipoxvirus infections in this rare and endangered species.     

Different effects of reoxygenation on the electrical activity of ventricular muscle

Response of a hypoxic and acidotic (HA, with exogenous lactate) ventricular muscle tissue to subsequent reoxygenation in the absence of substrate (0 mM dextrose) was different from that of a Purkinje fiber. The K+ concentration in this solution (4.6 mM) was slightly higher than that in Tyrode solution (2.7 mM). The observed effects of reoxygenation of such a ventricular tissue were also variable. The ventricular muscle tissue exhibited the following different responses on reoxygenation after hypoxia and acidosis: (1) arrhythmias, without much depolarization of the membrane potential, (2) oscillatory after-potentials (OAPs) during the late diastole, which lessened in amplitude as the time of reoxygenation increased, but no arrhythmias, or (3) a pronounced slowed phase of repolarization (hump), but no arrhythmias. These different effects of reoxygenation did not occur if concentration of K+ in HA was very much higher than 4.6 mM. Common to these three different responses was the prolongation of the action potential durations during reoxygenation at the 50% and 90% levels of repolarization (APD50 and APD90) and a slight increase in the resting tension after 30-40 minutes of reoxygenation. Some of the observed responses of ventricular muscles were well mimicked by increasing extracellular calcium, but the different and variable effects of arrhythmias, OAPs, and prolonged APD require further analysis.     

Cultural Attitudes toward Postpartum Depression in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, yet in many cultures, it remains unaddressed and unacknowledged. Postpartum depression is particularly delicate because of its association with gender and expectations of motherhood. This ethnographic study in Dhaka, Bangladesh sought to understand local perceptions of postpartum depression and cultural influences around mental health care seeking. The results describe the role of culture and stigma in the conceptualization of mental health within both the community and medical spheres. Mental health continues to be unacknowledged and neglected in Bangladeshi communities. We recommend community-based psychosocial programming for new mothers living in slums.