Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of causative organisms of neonatal septicemia in an urban hospital of Bangladesh

Background: The information of the sensitivity pattern of the causative organisms is very important for effective control of septicemia in neonates. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion and profile of pathogenic bacteria in the blood cultures of the neonates with clinically suspected septicemia and their susceptibility pattern to antimicrobial agents for developing a unified antibiotic treatment protocol. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted over a period of 3 year and 4 months (39 months). The study included 1000 patients admitted in the selected hospital in Bangladesh. Blood samples for culture were taken aseptically before starting antibiotic therapy. Microorganisms were isolated and identified by standard microbiological processes which include colony morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical profiles. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns were performed by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method against imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, netilmicin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, cefotaxime, cephalexin, and ampicillin. Results: Among the patients, 633 (63.3%) were males and 367 (36.7%) were females. Blood cultures were found positive in 194 (19.4%) neonates. The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas spp. (31.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.4%), Escherichia coli (7.2%), Acinatobactor (5.7%), Gram-negative Bacilli (4.1%), Flavobacterium spp. (3.6%), Serratia spp. (5.7%), Citrobacter fruendi (3.1%), Streptococcus species (2.6%), and Enterobacter spp. (1.0%). A majority of the bacterial isolates in neonatal sepsis were found sensitive to imipenem (91.8%) and ciprofloxacin (57.2%) and resistant to commonly used antibiotics, eg. ampicillin (96.4%) and cephalexin (89.2%). Conclusion : The problem can be mitigated by careful selection and prudent use of available antibiotics.     

Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh

The transgender people (hijra), who claim to be neither male nor female, are socially excluded in Bangladesh. This paper describes social exclusion of hijra [The term is used in this abstract both in singular and plural sense] focusing on the pathway between exclusion and sexual health. In an ethnographic study, 50 in-depth interviews with hijra, 20 key-informant interviews, and 10 focus-group discussions (FGDs), along with extensive field observations, were conducted. The findings revealed that hijra are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human being with dignity. Their deprivations are grounded in non-recognition as a separate gendered human being beyond the male-female dichotomy. Being outside this norm has prevented them from positioning themselves in greater society with human potential and security. They are physically, verbally, and sexually abused. Extreme social exclusion diminishes self-esteem and sense of social responsibility. Before safer sex interventions can be effective in a broader scale, hijra need to be recognized as having a space on society''s gender continuum. Hijra, as the citizens of Bangladesh and part of society''s diversity, have gender, sexual and citizenship rights, that need to be protected.Key words: Hijra, HIV, Social exclusion, Bangladesh     

Antiinflammatory sesquiterpenes from the root oil of Ferula hermonis

Ferula hermonis Boiss. (Apiaceae), commonly known as ‘Shilsh‐el‐zallouh’, ‘Hashishat‐al‐kattira’ or ‘The Lebanese viagra’, is a small shrub that grows abundantly on the Hermon Mountain between Syria and Lebanon. The seeds and roots of this plant have long been used in the Middle East as an aphrodisiac, and for the treatment of frigidity and impotence for both men and women. The antiinflammatory properties of three major daucane esters, ferutinin (1) teferin (2) and teferidin (3), isolated from the root oil of Ferula hermonis, were assessed by the carrageenan‐induced oedema model in rats. The antiinflammatory effect of both 1 and 2 was observed with a dose of 100 mg/kg, while compound 3 did not show any antiinflammatory activity; conversely it produced a significant proinflammatory effect 2 and 3 h after carrageenan injection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antibacterial activity of two limonoids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Swietenia mahagoni</Emphasis> against multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains

Solvent partitioning followed by column chromatography of the MeOH extract of the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni afforded two limonoids, swietenolide (1) and 2-hydroxy-3-O-tigloylswietenolide (2). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic means. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was assessed against eight multiple-drug-resistant bacterial strains (clinical isolates) by the conventional disc diffusion method. While both compounds were active against all test organisms, compound 2 displayed overall more potent activity than compound 1.     

Novel technique for estimating cerebrovascular permeability demonstrates capsazepine protection following ischemia-reperfusion

OBJECTIVE: There has been some discussion as to whether the pial vasculature behaves in the same way as the blood-brain barrier as a whole. Recent studies have shown that capsazepine protects these vessels from the effects of ischemia-reperfusion. We have now used a new method to examine this protection in the whole brain. METHODS: Horseradish peroxidase concentrations were measured in brain sections and plasma, following starch microsphere induced ischemia, which lasted from 20 to 60 minutes, with 30 minutes reperfusion. The PS product was calculated from the Crone-Renkin equation. RESULTS: Permeability increase, which depended on duration of ischemia, was considerably greater in the pia than the parenchyma. The increase was also greater in tissue surrounding large radial venules of the cortex. Single vessel studies showed that these differences mirror those between small and large pial venules. Capsazepine treatment protected the parenchymal blood-brain barrier by limiting the post-ischemic permeability increase to about one third, but had no effect on the pia or radial vessel permeability. CONCLUSIONS: Permeability has been estimated in tissue sections with good spatial resolution using this new technique, which has demonstrated that the TRPV1 receptor plays an important role in the whole brain, not confined to small pial venules.