Nitrite-derived nitric oxide protects the rat kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo: role for xanthine oxidoreductase

In normal conditions, nitric oxide (NO) is oxidized to the anion nitrite, but in hypoxia, this nitrite may be reduced back to NO by the nitrite reductase action of deoxygenated hemoglobin, acidic disproportionation, or xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Herein, is investigated the effects of topical sodium nitrite administration in a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were subjected to 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion in the absence or presence of sodium nitrite (30 nmol) administered topically 1 min before reperfusion. Serum creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of Na(+), and plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were measured. The nitrite-derived NO-generating capacity of renal tissue was determined under acidic and hypoxic conditions by ozone chemiluminescence in homogenates of kidneys that were subjected to sham, ischemia-only, and I/R conditions. Nitrite significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and injury, an effect that was abolished by previous treatment of rats with the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl-3-oxide (2.5 mumol intravenously 5 min before ischemia and 50 nmol topically 6 min before reperfusion). Renal tissue homogenates produced significant amounts of NO from nitrite, an effect that was attenuated significantly by the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that topically administered sodium nitrite protects the rat kidney against I/R injury and dysfunction in vivo via the generation, in part, of xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed NO production. These observations suggest that nitrite therapy might prove beneficial in protecting kidney function and integrity during periods of I/R such as those encountered in renal transplantation.     

Comparative analysis of the incidence of surgical site infections in patients with liver resection for colorectal hepatic metastases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background

The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) and postoperative complications, as defined by the Clavien–Dindo classification, after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with and without associated neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

A total of 181 patients were studied retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups: the first group comprised patients with associated neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic treatment for liver metastases with a latency time <8 wk and the second group comprised patients without associated neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Results

Variables of duration of liver surgery, length of total hospital stay, and length of postoperative hospital stay seem to be correlated with SSIs and postoperative complications, P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively. Duration of surgery is a risk factor for SSIs, with an odds ratio of 1.15, and for complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification, with an odds ratio of 1.35.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not a significant risk factor for SSIs, whereas the total length of hospital stay, length of postoperative hospital stay, and duration of surgery were independent predictors of SSIs and complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification.     

Giant cell tumor and Paget's disease of bone in one family: geographic clustering

Giant cell tumor is a rare complication of Paget's disease of bone. Typically, this tumor occurs in the case of polyostotic disease and only in pagetic bones. This tumor rarely has been seen in multiple family members who have Paget's disease, although Paget's bone disease clearly has a hereditary component. Our report documents four cases of polyostotic Paget's bone disease complicated by benign giant cell tumor. In two patients, the giant cell tumor also was multifocal. All patients were from one family. They were born in Avellino and reside in Campania, a Southern Italian region. The ancestors of the patients with familial giant cell tumor in Paget's bone disease were born in the same geographic area. These data suggest that a combination of environmental and genetic factors could be responsible for linkage of the patients born in Avellino with this neoplasm that is highly unusual in patients with Paget's disease of bone.     

Sodium removal and sodium concentration during peritoneal dialysis: effects of three methods of sodium measurement.

BACKGROUND: Sodium removal (NaR) may have a major impact on the survival of peritoneal dialysis patients. The dialysate/plasma sodium concentration ratio (D/P(Na)) is an indirect index of transcellular water transport by aquaporin channels, and thus of ultrafiltration. Sodium concentration can be assessed by means of flame photometry (F), and direct (D-ISE) or indirect ion-selective electrodes (I-ISE), but these methods have different properties. I-ISE is being used increasingly in clinical laboratories. The aim of this study was to evaluate NaR and D/P(Na) using the three different measurement methods. METHODS: We performed peritoneal equilibration tests (PETs) in 44 peritoneal dialysis patients and calculated the NaR. We also calculated D/P(Na) during the test; plasma and dialysate sodium concentrations were measured by F, D-ISE and I-ISE. RESULTS: NaR was lower (P<0.001) with D-ISE (69+/-29 mmol) than with F (81+/-29 mmol) or I-ISE (79+/-28 mmol). D/P(Na) was also lower at baseline (0.92+/-0.02 vs 0.95+/-0.02 and 0.95+/-0.02; P<0.001), after 60 min (0.87+/-0.03 vs 0.90+/-0.03 and 0.90+/-0.03; P<0.001) and at the end of PET (0.88+/-0.04 vs 0.92+/-0.04 and 0.92+/-0.04; P<0.001) when measured by D-ISE in comparison with F and I-ISE, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NaR and D/P(Na) were lower when measured by the D-ISE method compared with the F and I-ISE methods. NaR and D/P(Na) were similar when measured by F or I-ISE. I-ISE can be used reliably in the evaluation of NaR and D/P(Na) in everyday clinical practice of peritoneal dialysis.     

Endoscopic treatment of colorectal polyps in a digestive endoscopy outpatient department

The aim of this report was to evaluate the effectiveness of the endoscopic treatment of colonic polyps to allow secondary prophylaxis in order to prevent the onset of cancer arising from adenomas. From October 2002 to January 2004 we performed 487 colonoscopies on a patient group with the following indications: screening prior to kidney transplant; screening for colorectal cancer (patients positive at faecal occult blood testing); follow-up of patients who had undergone colonic resections for colorectal cancer; patients with other diseases. Colorectal polyps were diagnosed in 15 males and 15 females, with a mean age of 63 years. All the neoplasms were resected during colonoscopy and specimens sent for histological study. The histological examinations yielded the following results: 4 hyperplastic polyps; 9 tubular adenomas (6 with mild, 2 with mild-to-moderate, and 1 with severe dysplasia); 8 tubulo-villous adenomas (3 with mild, 1 with mild-to-moderate, and 4 with moderate dysplasia); 4 villous adenomas (3 with mild and 1 with severe dysplasia); 1 adenocarcinoma; 1 inflammatory polyp; in 3 cases we were unable to retrieve the polyps after polypectomy. Colonoscopic detection of a neoplasm allows us to remove it and send to the pathology laboratory for definitive histological diagnosis. Moreover, snare polypectomy can be a radical treatment for dysplastic polyps without stromal axis and basal membrane infiltration. We therefore conclude that colonoscopy allows not only early diagnosis of colonic neoplasms, but also radical curative treatment in the early stages.     

Long‐term preclinical magnetic resonance imaging alterations in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

An asymptomatic 74‐year‐old woman, on follow‐up for a carotid body tumor, showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) focal restricted diffusion confined to the left temporal and occipital cortices. Thirteen months later, diffusion‐weighted images revealed a bilateral cortical ribbon sign involving all lobes. After 1 month, the patient developed gait instability and cognitive decline rapidly evolving to severe dementia and death within 3 months. Prion protein gene sequence, molecular, and neuropathological studies confirmed the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 subtype. Here we show the kinetics of MRI changes and prion spreading in preclinical sCJD MM1. Ann Neurol 2016;80:629–632     

Centenarians and supercentenarians: a black swan. Emerging social,medical and surgical problems

Background

Five percent of all patients with breast cancer have distant metastatic disease at initial presentation. Because metastatic breast cancer is considered to be an incurable disease, it is generally treated with a palliative intent. Recent non-randomized studies have demonstrated that (complete) resection of the primary tumor is associated with a significant improvement of the survival of patients with primary metastatic breast cancer. However, other studies have suggested that the claimed survival benefit by surgery may be caused by selection bias. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial will be performed to assess whether breast surgery in patients with primary distant metastatic breast cancer will improve the prognosis.

Design

Randomization will take place after the diagnosis of primary distant metastatic breast cancer. Patients will either be randomized to up front surgery of the breast tumor followed by systemic therapy or to systemic therapy, followed by delayed local treatment of the breast tumor if clinically indicated. Patients with primary distant metastatic breast cancer, with no prior treatment of the breast cancer, who are 18 years or older and fit enough to undergo surgery and systemic therapy are eligible. Important exclusion criteria are: prior invasive breast cancer, surgical treatment or radiotherapy of this breast tumor before randomization, irresectable T4 tumor and synchronous bilateral breast cancer. The primary endpoint is 2-year survival. Quality of life and local tumor control are among the secondary endpoints. Based on the results of prior research it was calculated that 258 patients are needed in each treatment arm, assuming a power of 80%. Total accrual time is expected to take 60 months. An interim analysis will be performed to assess any clinically significant safety concerns and to determine whether there is evidence that up front surgery is clinically or statistically inferior to systemic therapy with respect to the primary endpoint.

Discussion

The SUBMIT study is a randomized controlled trial that will provide evidence on whether or not surgery of the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with metastatic disease at initial presentation results in an improved survival.

Trial registration

NCT01392586.     

When the government actively faces the burden of osteoporosis: the Italian experience

Epidemiology and costs of fragility fractures in Italy

The problem of osteoporosis is emerging as growing phenomenon, with an enormous impact on quality of life and on health expenses. As a consequence, a reduction in the social and health impact of bone fragility would be associated with an improved quality of life of all elderly citizens and with valuable cost savings at the health system level.

Osteoporosis: evolution of the concept in Italy

In the last 20?years, there have been enormous advances in the knowledge of diagnostic and therapeutic options and thus we would be in the position of starting effective therapies in at risk populations. However, this not always happens.

New approaches to the fragility fractures by the Italian government

In this paper we offer to the reader the possibility to know the history of osteoporosis, its diagnosis and its therapy in Italy, a country where life expectancy is one of the highest in the world.

The future of osteoporosis in Italy

We hope that the example of Italy would serve as an inspiration to those countries where the history of osteoporosis only recently began.