Community-based health promotion: A survey of churches,labor unions,supermarkets, and restaurants

A telephone survey of randomly-sampled churches, labor unions, supermarkets and restaurants was conducted in San Diego, California to determine the level of health promotion activities offered for members and customers. Nearly two-thirds of the churches offered health promotion programs, the bulk of which were single educational sessions. A similar proportion of labor unions reported programs, and most of them consisted of the distribution of materials and single-session group meetings. About one-third of the supermarkets reported activities, with most of these being the distribution of brochures. Similarly, about one-third of restaurants reported programs, which primarily consisted of the enforcement of nosmoking regulations. Very few organizations evaluated programs or desired assistance from health professionals. It was concluded that while secular health promotion programs are common and are available to many people, their quality and effectiveness are unknown. These findings present a challenge for public health professionals and agencies.A previous version of this paper was presented at the California Consensus Conference on Health Promotion in Santa Monica, May, 1987. John Elder is Associate Professor of Public Health at San Diego State University. James Sallis is Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California, San Diego. Nadia Hammond is Project Director for, and Susan Peplinski is a nutritionist with Project Salsa at San Diego State University. Joni Mayer is Assistant Professor of Public Health at San Diego State University.     

选择性κ阿片激动剂K-Ⅱ与U-50488的药理作用比较

K-Ⅱ系k阿片激动剂U-50488的同类物。通过部分离体和整体实验比较了K-Ⅱ与U-50488的药理作用。实验发现,K-Ⅱ抑制电刺激兔输精管收缩的IC₅₀值为0.42 nmol/L,U-50488为26.5 nmol/L;K-Ⅱ抑制小鼠运动功能(横筛法)的ED₅₀值为1.7 mg/g,U-50488为15.3 mg/kg;K-Ⅱ的小鼠LD₅₀值为152.5 mg/kg,U-50488为118.4 mg/g;K-Ⅱ明显降低小鼠自发活动的作用比U-50488强5倍。结果表明,K-Ⅱ是一个药理作用较U-50488强的k受体激动剂。     

Screening Measure for Assessing Dietary Fat Intake among Adolescents

BACKGROUND: Clinical preventive guidelines recommend that health care providers counsel adolescents on nutrition. Brief, accurate, and reproducible dietary assessments are needed. The purpose of the current pair of studies was to develop a dietary fat screening measure for use with adolescents. METHODS: Two measures were developed-a 21-item and a 4-category measure. The measures differed in the level at which fat consumption was assessed (food item vs food group). Study 1 (N = 231, age M = 15 years, 57% female, 41% Euro-American) evaluated reliability. Study 2 (N = 59, age M = 14 years, 63% female, 37% Euro-American) evaluated construct validity and correct classification rates. RESULTS: Internal consistencies (alpha > 0.70) and test-retest reliabilities (ICC > 0.60) were adequate for both measures. Neither measure correlated with total fat assessed by a 3-day food record (P > 0.05). The 21-item measure correlated significantly with percentage of calories from fat (r = 0.36, P <.01). Correct classification rate (71%) and sensitivity (81%) of the 21-item measure were good. Specificity (47%) was lower, indicating some subjects with a low-fat diet were misclassified by the screening measure. CONCLUSIONS: The 21-item measure is quick to complete and score, is inexpensive to reproduce, and has demonstrated reliability and validity. The measure could be clinically useful, but further improvements should be attempted to improve specificity.     

Recruitment issues, health habits, and the decision to participate in a health promotion program

To understand the external validity of experimental studies, it is important to estimate the extent to which the participants are representative of the general population. This paper describes recruitment methods and considers the representativeness of participants in the San Diego Family Health Project. The study was designed to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of a family-based behavior change intervention in Anglo and Mexican-American families. Initial contact with the families was made through a household health survey that was sent home with all fifth- and sixth-grade children in 12 participating elementary schools. The survey asked about a variety of demographic characteristics, dietary habits, and physical activity habits. Parents were also asked if they were interested in participating in the project. Respondents were classified by level of participation into one of three groups: not interested, expressed initial interest but did not attend the recruitment meeting, and volunteered to participate. Level of participation was the independent variable in the analyses. In separate analyses for Anglo and Mexican-American responders, our data suggested many similarities and a few differences among participant groups. The differences that were observed suggest that participants may already have healthier diets than nonparticipants, although only one of four dietary variables differed by participation status in each ethnic group. The external validity of these data and general recruitment issues are discussed.     

用气相色谱研究抗氧化剂对膜脂肪酸的保护作用

本文应用气相色谱技术直接测定三种生物膜(人红细胞膜,人血小板膜和鼠肝线粒体膜)多不饱和脂肪酸的含量变化,检测脂质过氧化程度。实验证实几种多羟酚类化合物(儿茶精,阿魏酸钠和没食子酸及其衍生物)不同程度地抑制(OH)诱导的脂质过氧化反应,并呈量效和构效关系。这类抗氧化剂对保护生物膜的结构与功能是有益的。     

Why and how to improve physical activity promotion: Lessons from behavioral science and related fields

This commentary highlights the importance of regular physical activity to the nation’s health and discusses some of the major challenges and opportunities currently facing the field.     

关于全科医生若干问题的答复

本对医学院校学生就全科医生有关问题给于相应的答复，其中还包括自１９９７年以来由美国全科医学会举办的学生代表大会上所提出的一些问题，例如：什么是全科医生？全科医生的行业范围是什么？全科医生的工作，生活及收入情况如何等等问题。（Ａｍ．Ｆａｍ．Ｐｈｙｓｉｃｉａｎ１９９０．６０：１６７－１７４）。