公共产品价格机制及价格约束分析

公共产品涉及千家万户的切身利益，近10多年来，部分公共产品价格变化又多以超过国民经济发展速度提高，怎样正确认识和判断其价格的合理性，具有十分重要的现实意义。本文分析了我国公共产品的价格类型，定价机制，阐明了我国公共产品的价格约束制度构建的主要内容，希望为政府及相关部门工作提供有益的帮助。     

Monitoring gonadotrophin therapy by real-time ultrasonic scanning of ovarian follicles

Real-time ultrasound scanning of ovarian follicles was performed during 61 cycles in 22 infertile patients being treated with sequential injections of human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Total 24-h urinary oestrogens were estimated (and in 13 cycles plasma oestradiol) but the amount of gonadotrophin given was based mainly on the ultrasound findings. A retrospective analysis of the results showed that there was a poor statistical correlation between the diameter of the largest follicle and the total urinary oestrogens (r=0.39) and with the level of plasma oestradiol (r=0.56), although similar clinical information was obtained by all methods. Ovulation was induced in 58 cycles when the leading follicle had a mean diameter of 20-25 mm (mean 21.3 mm); follicular rupture was observed in 57 cycles and in these cases there was biochemical evidence of luteinization (plasma progesterone greater than 15 nmol/1; total urinary pregnanediol greater than 8 nmol/24h). Three patients (three cycles) were not given hCG; one developed micropolycystic ovaries and two showed evidence of hyperstimulation (one follicle greater than 25 mm diameter, three or more follicles 20-25 mm diameter). Twelve patients became pregnant, all with single fetuses. Subsequently one aborted, one had an ectopic pregnancy, three gave birth to normal babies at term and seven pregnancies are continuing. Real-time ultrasound scanning of ovarian follicles is a simple, practical method for monitoring follicular growth during the administration of hMG and predicting the response to hCG.     

PBL在病原生物与免疫学教学中的实践

目的探讨病原生物与免疫学教学中开展PBL教学的效果。方法对照组采用传统的教学方法，实验组采用PBL教学方法，通过问卷调查、考试成绩综合分析教学改革效果。结果实验班绝大多数学生接受并欢迎PBL教学模式，并在自学能力、理解能力、分析解决问题能力等方面得到明显的提高。结论PBL教学方法优于传统的教学方法，能有效提高病原生物与免疫学教学质量。     

淋巴靶向制剂——吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭的研究进展

目的介绍新型淋巴靶向制剂———吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭的研究进展。方法依据近年来的文献 ,对活性炭的制备工艺及体内外性质等方面进行了综述。结果活性炭具有很强的吸附功能 ,普通市售活性炭仅用作脱色、吸附热原与除味等。以微粒球磨机为粉碎器械 ,可加工制备粒径达1 0 0nm左右的纳米炭微粒 ,具有优越的淋巴趋向性。结论吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭在临床治疗癌症方面具有良好的运用前景     

Infusion aspiration mismatch during 25-gauge vitrectomy with conversion to 20-gauge vitrector.

We report intraoperative hypotony throughout the 25G vitrectomy procedure of an elderly patient with dense vitreous hemorrhage when switching to a 20G cutter. This was due to fluidic mismatch between the 25G infusion and 20G aspiration systems. No leakage from the sclerotomy sites or choroidal effusion was noted.     

Cervicogenic headache

Eleven female patients with cervicogenic headache (mean age, 43 years; range, 25-59 years) have been examined with the pupillometer. The pupillary diameter was examined in the basal state (that is, the status before pharmacologic stimulation) and after topically administered tyramine (2%), phenylephrine (1%), and hydroxyamphetamine (1%). A total of 51 tests were performed, 35 in the asymptomatic period and 16 during pain attacks. In a control group consisting of 26 age-matched women a total of 39 tests were carried out. Before pharmacologic stimulation (that is, in the "basal state") the pupils were smaller in the asymptomatic (pain-free) period than during pain attacks in the patients and also as compared with that of control individuals. The anisocoria (the difference in pupillary size in the same individual) observed was not significantly different between the patient group and control individuals either in the basal state (before pharmacologic stimulation) or after pharmacologic stimulation. The mydriasis resulting from the instillation of the three sympathicomimetic drugs was symmetrical in both controls and patients both during and between the pain attacks. This finding is in clear contrast to what is found in cluster headache, in which there is a "Horner-like" syndrome on the symptomatic side. These two headaches thus seem to differ essentially with regard to this variable.