用卡尔曼滤波分光光度法测定安钠咖注射液的含量

卡尔曼滤波算法是基于数学理论发展起来的一种数字滤波算法。Poulisse和Didden首先用该法确定了在紫外、可见光谱图中重叠峰所含的组分数并获得了组分浓度值,研究表明:卡尔曼滤波算法结合分光光度法对多组分重叠峰有很强的分辨率,为药物多组分测定提供了新的、简单、快速的分析手段。本文用卡尔曼滤波分光光度法测定了安钠咖注射液     

ANGIOTENSIN II ACTIVATES PRESSOR AND DEPRESSOR SITES OF THE PONTOMEDULLA THAT REACT TO GLUTAMATE

1. In cats anaesthetized with a mixture of α-chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethane (400 mg/kg) and in rats anaesthetized with a mixture of α-chloralose (60 mg/kg) and urethane (800 mg/kg), changes in systemic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR) and sympathetic activities of vertebral (VNA) and renal (RNA) nerves were determined following the micro-injection of angiotensin II (AngII; 0.16 mmol/L; 50 nL) into the pressor and depressor sites of the pontomedulla previously reacted to a microinjection of monosodium l -glutamate (Glu; O.1 mol/L; 50 nL). Pressor sites included gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) and dorsal medulla (DM) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM). The depressor site was the caudal VLM (CVLM). The effects of losartan (1 mmol/L; 50 nL), a specific AT₁ receptor non-peptide antagonist for AngII, on responses induced by AngII in the VLM, DM and CVLM were also determined. 2. In 30% of pressor sites in the FTG, 55% in the VLM and 67% in the DM and in 76% of depressor sites in the CVLM previously exposed to Glu, microinjection of AngII to the same site produced pressor or depressor responses similar to that of Glu, but smaller in magnitude, particularly in the pressor VLM. Changes in both VNA and RNA induced by AngII were also smaller than those induced by Glu, particularly RNA from DM activation. 3. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, AngII, as Glu, produced marked bradycardia, but again this was smaller in magnitude than the bradycardia produced by Glu. 4. In rats, in the DM near or around the nucleus of the solitary tract where Glu increased SAP, microinjection of AngII (0.8 mmol/L; 60 nL) produced a depressor response, while the microinjection of 1.6 mmol/L (60 nL) AngII produced a pressor response. 5. Losartan blocked the increases in SAP induced by AngII in the VLM and DM. Decreases in SAP induced by AngII in the CVLM, however, were only slightly decreased by losartan. 6. Our data suggest that a significant portion of pressor and depressor sites of the pontomedulla contain neurons responsive to both AngII and Glu. In neurons in the VLM and DM, AngII produced pressor responses that were primarily mediated through AT₁ receptors, while the depressor actions of AngII in the CVLM were not mediated by AT₁ receptors.     

褐藻酸钠的贮藏稳定性及分子量参数测定

用高效凝胶色谱法和粘度法观察了褐藻酸钠在常温和热加速条件下的分子量参数变化。结果表明,以40℃热加速条件下每天的粘度下降率,可以近似地估计为常温条件下贮藏一星期的粘度下降水平。在贮藏过程中,褐藻酸钠的Mn下降率明显高于Mw,形成的低分子片段是影响其分子量参数变化的主要因素,其分子量分布随贮藏时间延长而逐渐加宽。热加速处理可能降低褐藻酸钠的贮藏稳定性,氮气和真空作为保护气氛不能提高褐藻酸钠的贮藏粘度稳定性。     

Morgagni: His book, vision and views on hepatic coma

The study of pathological anatomy reached a culmination in the magnum opus of Morgagni, The Seats and Causes of Diseases. It represented an innovative way of looking at the patient and his illness, a change that Foucault described as occurring in the 18th century. Physicians saw symptoms penetrating the body and converging upon an organ. We suggest that Morgagni and his fellow workers derived their vision from the practice of visual perspective discovered by Italian Renaissance artists. Perceiving in three dimensional terms, Morgagni added spatial depth to our understanding of disease. His acute vision was brilliantly displayed in his views of hepatic coma. He was among the first to provide the clinical-pathological associations of acute liver failure. The limitations of gross morphology precluded a complete elucidation of the disorder.     

Biological characterization of a granulomonopoietic enhancing activity derived from cultured human lipid-containing macrophages

We describe the biologic characteristics of an activity produced by human monocyte-derived lipid-containing cells (MDLCCs) that enhances the colony-forming capacity of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU- GM). Medium conditioned by well-developed MDLCCs (at day 21 to day 28 of cultivation) was added to bone marrow cultures containing GCT cell line-conditioned medium (GCT-CM) or other material as a source of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSFs). MDLCC- conditioned medium (CM) had no detectable granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating activity (GM-CSA), but it contained an activity that enhanced the colony number in both day 7 and day 14 CFU-GM cultures. Dose-response curves for GCT-CM in the presence of MDLCC-CM demonstrated that this enhancing effect occurred at concentrations of GM-CSFs that stimulate maximal CFU-GM growth. This enhancing effect was seen with both granulocytic and monocytic progenitor cells. It was titratible and required the continuous presence of MDLCC-CM from initiation of culture. No enhancement was noted when MDLCC-CM was added 48 hours after plating. The enhancement still occurred when marrow cells were first incubated with MDLCC-CM and GCT-CM was added at later times. Neither the enhancing activity nor its production was dependent on horse serum contained in MDLCC culture medium. The enhancing effect was also seen when other sources of GM-CSA were used: medium conditioned by 5637 cell line, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes (PHAL), or placenta tissue. Furthermore, this enhancing activity appeared to be specific for CFU-GM. Addition of MDLCC-CM to mixed and erythroid cultures, stimulated by suboptimal and optimal concentrations of PHAL-CM did not modify the number of mixed colonies or erythroid bursts. This granulomonopoietic enhancing activity contained in MDLCC-CM was heat stable (56 degrees C and 75 degrees C for 30 minutes) and nondialyzable (3,500 and 14,000 molecular weight cut off tubing). Its production was increased by treating MDLCC with lipopolysaccharide (5 micrograms/mL) or zymosan (60 micrograms/mL) and inhibited by lactoferrin (10(-7) mol/L). The production of a granulomonopoietic enhancing activity by MDLCCs represents the demonstration of another positive feedback regulator of myelopoiesis involving the monocyte-macrophage system.     

The biochemical and genetic basis for the microheterogeneity of human R- type vitamin B12 binding proteins

R-type vitamin B12 binding proteins (R proteins) from human granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma, and other body fluids were characterized by isoprotein banding patterns on autoradiograms after resolution via thin-layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel electrophoresis. R proteins obtained from various tissue sources in a given individual show tissue-specific electrophoretic patterns. The desialated R proteins obtained following in vitro treatment with neuraminidase are, however, the same for any given individual and do not show tissue specificity. The differences seen in native R proteins (i.e., transcobalamin I, III, and others) obtained from different tissues are due to variations only in the sialic acid content. Granulocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) contain both TC I and TC III, and these R proteins can be released in vitro by lithium stimulation. Normal granulocytes contain only TC III. Differences in desialated R proteins from individual to individual are due to a genetic polymorphism controlled by a single genetic locus (designated TCR) with two alleles, 1 and 2, which are found to be codominantly expressed in heterozygous individuals. The allelic variants of the desialated R proteins found in different blood cells and body fluids are controlled by only one genetic locus.     

脂肪族聚氨酯弹性体肝素化的血液相容性

目的:改进脂肪族聚氨酯(polyurethane,PU)弹性体表面接枝肝素(heparin,Hep)的工艺过程,观察共价键合法接枝肝素后其血液相容性。方法:实验于2005-08/2006-08于同济大学材料科学与工程学院实验室完成。材料制备:①脂肪族聚氨酯的合成:采用一步法合成以4,4'-甲烷二苯基二异氰酸酯(HMDI)或异氟尔酮二异氰酸醑(IPDI)、扩链剂1,4-丁二醇为硬段,聚四氢呋喃醚为软段的脂肪族聚氨酯,分别生成IPDI型聚氨酯和HMDI型聚氨酯。②共价键合法聚氨酯表面接枝肝素:形成PU-Hep,PU-聚乙烯醇(polyvinylalcohol,PVA)-Hep,PU-聚乙二醇(polyethyleneglycol,PEO)-Hep,PU-PVA-PEO-Hep中间产物。实验评估:①接枝肝素含量的测定:甲苯胺蓝显色法测定聚氨酯表面的肝素含量;甲苯胺蓝分光光度法测定肝素释放速率。②肝素接枝表面的血液相容性测定:通过溶血实验和血小板黏附实验测定。结果:①聚氨酯表面的肝素含量:IPDI型聚氨酯和HMDI型聚氨酯表面肝素(PU-PVA-PEO-Hep)接枝量分别达到64.8,51.0mg/m2。②肝素释放速率:浸泡20d后,IPDI型聚氨酯肝素化表面(PU-PVA-PEO-R-NHCO-Hep)的肝素含量从64.8mg/m2下降到51.7mg/m2(脱落20.2%),HMDI型聚氨酯肝素化表面(PU-PVA-PEO-Hep)的肝素含量从51.0mg/m2下降到39.1mg/m2(脱落23.3%)。肝素的释放速率在浸泡7d后达到稳定,约为0.6×10-8g/(m2·min)。③聚氨酯表面接枝肝素后溶血率:溶血率有一定降低(IPDI型从2.40%降低至1.94%、HMDI型从3.20%降低至2.36%),溶血率均小于5%,符合生物医用材料的溶血性要求,其中IPDI型聚氨酯血液相容性好于HMDI型。④血小板黏附情况:表面改性之前,IPDI型聚氨酯表面黏附的血小板数目多于HMDI型。IPDI型聚氨酯抑制血小板形成血栓的能力好于HMDI型。表面接枝肝素后,PU-PVA-PEO-Hep的血液相容性优于PU-PVA-Hep和PU-PEO-Hep。结论:表面共价键合法接枝肝素的脂肪族聚氨酯有良好的血液相容性,且肝素释放速率慢,基本满足人工心脏瓣膜材料的要求。     

自发性脑出血发病危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:分析抚顺地区自发性脑出血发病的危险因素。方法:①选择2002-09/2005-08抚顺市第二医院神经内外科和重症监护病房收治的自发性脑出血患者250例,男202例,女48例,年龄37～79岁。脑力劳动105例,有高血压史153例,情绪行为障碍87例,高胆固醇血症5例,冠心病31例,心电图异常者62例,吸烟47例,嗜酒55例,有糖尿病史23例,超重79例。均符合中华神经科学会、中华神经外科学会《各类脑血管疾病诊断要点》中自发性脑出血诊断标准,且经CT或MRI检查证实;均对检查项目知情同意;居住地为抚顺市望花区。②于患者入院后1周内进行一般资料和住院资料及自发性脑出血危险因素调查。高血压史:在发病前至少2次或以上收缩压>140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)或舒张压>90mmHg。情绪行为障碍表现为符合美国精神疾病诊断分类与统计手册(第四版)抑郁症诊断标准。高胆固醇血症:总胆固醇≥6.5mmol/L;糖尿病诊断以1999年世界卫生组织、国际糖尿病联合会公布为标准;超重定义为体质量指数≥25kg/m2。③采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析对自发性脑出血发病的可能相关因素进行分析。以OR>1为自发性脑出血发生的危险因素;OR<1为自发性脑出血发生的保护因素。结果:自发性脑出血患者250例均进入结果分析。自发性脑出血患者脑力劳动OR=2.568,P=0.000;高血压OR=6.513,P=0.000;情绪行为障碍OR=4.053,P=0.000;心电图异常OR=13.397,P=0.000;糖尿病OR=4.013,P=0.006;超重OR=4.179,P=0.000;以上因素为自发性脑出血发生的危险因素。高胆固醇血症OR=0.150,P=0.005,为自发性脑出血发生的保护因素。结论:脑力劳动、高血压史、糖尿病史、情绪行为障碍、心电图异常、超重是抚顺市望花地区人群自发性脑出血发病的危险因素。