无痛导尿术在外科手术病人中的应用

目的观察无痛导尿对机体的影响。方法对麻醉后导尿的手术病人和麻醉前导尿、镇痛与非镇痛病人术后尿管舒适度进行比较,观察刺激症状、操作难易、插管成功率、血压心率的变化,术后尿管舒适度的比较。结果无痛导尿与非无痛导尿比较有显著差异,术后镇痛病人尿管舒适度明显高于非镇痛病人。结论无痛导尿术是安全舒适的护理操作,手术病人的导尿宜选择在手术室进行,尽量行无痛导尿术。     

肝局灶性结节增生的不典型螺旋CT征象分析

目的探讨肝局灶性结节增生(FNH)不典型的螺旋CT征象。方法对病理证实或临床确诊的32例FNH患者37个病灶的螺旋CT征象进行回顾性分析。结果 37个病灶中,有 14个病灶直径≤3 cm,23个病灶直径>3 cm;7个病灶周边存在假包膜;22个病灶存在中央瘢痕, 其中有20个病灶直径>3 cm;所有病灶在动脉期均呈高密度,其中31个病灶肿瘤实质均匀强化。结论多发病灶、存在假包膜、无中央瘢痕、动脉期不均匀强化是FNH不典型的CT征象。征象的多样性与病灶的病理类型和病灶的直径相关。     

骨关节及周围软组织CT扫描技术探讨

本文收集58例骨关节及周围软组织疾病患者的CT扫描片，将其图像分为优、良、中、差4个等级。经实践认为，最佳扫描条件为120kV和120～140mA。对24例进行了扫描后再次重建放大处理，其中骨重建4例，标准重建16例，细节重建4例，图像质量为优良的分别为4例、15例和4例，所占比例为23／24。本文还评价了扫描技术与显示效果之间的关系。着重分析扫描参数、窗口技术、扫描后再次重建放大及不同病变图像处理问题，提出双窗宽窗位技术及再次骨重建放大对提高图像质量具有决定性意义。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图对左心室条束的诊断价值

应用彩色多普勒超声心动图在2600例患者中检出123例有左心室条束病人。检出率为4.73%。诊断标准为:两个以上切面,凡有跨越左心室腔的线样回声,与二尖瓣叶无关,应用脉冲多普勒(PW)或彩色血流显像(CDFI)后线样回声不消失即可确定。作者对左心室条束的诊断、鉴别诊断及其与心脏杂音和心律失常的关系进行了探讨。     

青年人胃癌首发症状分析

对经病理证实的青年人(35岁以下)胃癌114例首发症状进行分析。本组首发症状特点为:(1)上腹疼痛最多见,41例(36％),其中16例呈典型的溃疡病样规律性。(2)厌食,上腹饱胀23例(20.2％)。(3)恶心呕吐14例(12.3％)。(4)中度以上贫血11例(9.6％)。(5)腹部包块8例(7％)。较少见的依次还有上消化道急性大出血、胃癌穿孔、吞咽困难、黄疸、发热、腰背痛、腹水等(15％)。     

Differences in trouble per litre of different alcoholic beverages - A global comparison with the GENACIS dataset

Different alcoholic beverages are seen as causing more or less trouble, with spirits historically often seen as the most troublesome. Differences in the "trouble per litre" could reflect differences in the beverages themselves (e.g., faster effect of stronger beverages, additives/contaminants in informal beverages), or could reflect characteristics of those drinking each beverage. Using two alternative definitions of beverage choice and measures of personal and of social consequences of drinking, the paper examines trouble per litre among beer, wine and spirits drinkers in 19 different societies represented in the GENACIS dataset. There is no general pattern which holds across cultures of more or less trouble being associated with a particular beverage type. Wine seems to be less associated with trouble than beer or spirits in a number of societies, but there are counter-instances in other societies. There is no overall trend across cultures in comparing trouble associated with beer and with spirits. In a number of societies, drinkers with no predominant beverage report more problems than those mainly drinking beer or wine. Controlling for gender and age reduces the tilt towards less trouble from wine drinking, particularly for social consequences of drinking.     

不安全注射——扩大免疫规划面临的挑战

不安全注射正日渐成为扩大免疫规划(EPI)中不容忽视的问题.甚至在指出不安全注射有传播血源性疾病的危险之后,在发展中国家不安全注射仍被普遍实施.18个国家中有14个国家超过50%的注射是不安全的.在日本丙型肝炎的病因被认为是医源性传播.在中国只换针头的多针一管注射很普遍,一次性注射器的普及仍不能解决这一问题.提供足够的器材、培训、监督和正确的处理使用过的一次性注射器,对于保证安全注射是很关键的.     

Is breast cancer risk associated with alcohol intake before first full-term pregnancy?

Purpose

It is plausible that breast tissue is particularly susceptible to carcinogens, including ethanol, between menarche and the first full-term pregnancy (“first pregnancy”). There is some epidemiological evidence that intake before the first pregnancy is more closely associated with risk of breast cancer than is intake thereafter. We examined this association using lifetime alcohol consumption data from a prospective cohort study.

Methods

We calculated usual alcohol intake for age periods 15–19 years and for 10-year period from age 20 to current age (in grams per day) using recalled frequency and quantity of beverage-specific consumption for 13,630 parous women who had their first pregnancy at age 20 years or later, had no cancer history and were aged 40–69 years at enrollment. Cox regression was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 651 incident invasive adenocarcinomas of the breast were diagnosed during a mean follow-up of 16.1 years. Alcohol consumption was low overall with only a few drinking ≥40 g/day. Intake before the first pregnancy was markedly lower (mean intake: 2.5 g/day; abstention: 58.8 %) than intake thereafter (mean intake: 6.0 g/day; abstention: 33.6 %). Any alcohol intake before the first pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (HR 1.35, 95 % CI 1.10–1.66 for drinking compared with abstention), whereas any intake after the first pregnancy was not (HR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.72–1.09).

Conclusions

Limiting alcohol intake before the first pregnancy might reduce women’s risk of breast cancer.

     

老年性黄斑变性的研究进展

综述了老年性黄斑变性（AMD）近几年的研究现状,包括AMD的流行病学,病因学,病理机制和中西医治疗等。其中AMD的发病与年龄,人种,遗传史,吸烟,环境等因素有关;病理机制与视网膜色素上皮的代谢障碍和慢性非特异性炎症性病变有关;治疗方法主要有激光光凝,光动力学,手术,放射,基因,药物等。由于目前对AMD的治疗尚无确切疗法,应用中医药进行治疗是一个值得探索的方向。     

B型超声波检查及其彩色编码对肝脓肿诊断的价值——(附77例报告)

77例肝脓肿行B型超声波检查,其中阿米巴肝脓肿76例,细菌性肝脓肿1例。69例属早期未液化的肝脓肿,经B超确诊,主要用灭滴灵治疗,4例属未完全液化的声象图显示,主要用灭滴灵及抽吸脓液治疗,3例属完全液化的声象图显示,主要用外科T形管引流治疗,1例为细菌性肝脓肿,主要用抗生素药物。肝脓肿通过彩色编码使图象有实体感,黑白图象的衰减回声通过彩编层次更为分明。