The effects of long-term medical treatment combined with clean intermittent catheterization in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity

Objectives  

To assess whether conservative treatment of pediatric patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) results in lower bladder pressure and increased expected bladder volume (EBV), we investigated the clinical and urodynamic effects of long-term intravesical oxybutynin instillation compared with a standard treatment of oral anticholinergic medication in patients with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).     

Bone marrow disorders: characterization with quantitative MR imaging

Thirty patients with various hematologic disorders and 15 healthy control subjects underwent quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the lumbar spine with spin-echo techniques. Images of patients with infiltrative bone marrow disorders showed significantly more prolonged T1 times than those of control subjects (P less than .001). It was not possible to distinguish different diffuse infiltrative bone marrow disorders on the basis of T1 values. Aplastic anemia could be distinguished from normality because of significantly shortened T1 (P less than .001). A significant correlation was seen between T1 and bone marrow cellularity (r = .74, P less than .001). T2 was of no value in the characterization of bone marrow disorders. Quantitative MR imaging dose not improve the diagnostic potential of bone marrow imaging in the detection of diffuse marrow infiltrates.     

Problemorientiertes Lernen

Many faculties worldwide apply problem-based learning (PBL) in their curricula. This is a form of instruction in which students in small groups develop problem-solving strategies based on a specific case by following well-defined steps – the so-called seven-jump process. This approach fosters independent and context-dependent learning, which is thought to lead to an improved grasp of knowledge. The role of the tutor assumes particular importance because, in contrast to the traditional university system, he or she serves as a moderator who accompanies and structures content-related and group-dynamic learning processes.