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41.
The corpus callosum (CC) is the main white matter tract in the brain and is involved in interhemispheric communication. Using
the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique, a study was made of K+-currents in primary cultured astrocytes from the CC of newborn rats. These cells were positive to glial fibrillary acidic
protein after culturing in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (> 95% of cells) or in serum-free neurobasal medium with G5 supplement
(> 99% of cells). Astrocytes cultured in either medium displayed similar voltage-activated ion currents. In 81% of astrocytes,
the current had a transient component and a sustained component, which were blocked by 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium,
respectively; and both had a reversal potential of −66 mV, indicating that they were carried by K+ ions. Based on the Ba2+-sensitivity and activation kinetics of the K+-current, two groups of astrocytes were discerned. One group (55% of cells) displayed a strong Ba2+ blockade of the K+-current whose activation kinetics, time course of decay, and the current-voltage relationship were modified by Ba2+. This current was greatly blocked (52%) by Ba2+ in a voltage-dependent way. Another group (45% of cells) presented weak Ba2+-blockade, which was only blocked 24% by Ba2+. The activation kinetics and time course of decay of this current component were unaffected by Ba2+. These results may help to understand better the roles of voltage-activated K+-currents in astrocytes from the rat CC in particular and glial cells in general. 相似文献
42.
Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Binding Sites and PACAP/Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptor Expression in Human Pituitary Adenomas 下载免费PDF全文
43.
Long Jin Jiangyue Song William F. Chandler Barry G. England James B. Smart Ariel Barkan Ricardo V. Lloyd 《Endocrine pathology》1990,1(1):25-36
The effects of the hypothalamic hormones, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and somatostatin (SRIH), and of phorbol 12-myristate
13-acetate (PMA) on PRL and GH secretion and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed in 10 GH and/or PRL producing adenomas
after culturing the tumor cells in the presence of these secretagogues for 7 days. The expression of chromogranin A and B
mRNAs was also examined. All four of the clinically diagnosed GH adenomas expressed or secreted both GH and PRL while four
of six clinically diagnosed prolactinomas produced or secreted both PRL and GH. Prolactinomas had less than 10% of tumor cells
expressing chromogranin A mRNA while more than 40% of the adenoma cells expressed chromogranin B mRNA. TRH stimulated PRL
secretion and increased PRL mRNA levels while SRIH decreased GH secretion and mRNA expression in some cases. Unexpectedly,
PMA stimulated PRL mRNA levels four- to sevenfold above control levels in two adenomas and generally stimulated chromogranin
A and B mRNA expression but not GH mRNA, as determined by Northern hybridization and in situ hybridization analyses.
These results indicate that cultured prolactinoma cells express significantly more chromogranin B mRNA than chromogranin A
mRNA, and that PMA increases PRL mRNA expression in some prolactinomas, although the effect of PMA on various adenomas reflects
the heterogeneity of these tumors with respect to protein kinase C stimulation. 相似文献
44.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are attributed to the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) into an abnormal isoform (PrP(sc)). This can be caused by the invasion of living organisms by infectious particles, or be inherited due to mutations on the PrP(c) gene. One of the most intriguing problems of prion biology is the inability to generate the infectious agent in vitro. This argues strongly that other cellular proteins besides those added in test tubes or found in cellular preparations are necessary for infection. Despite recent progress in the understanding of prion pathology, the subcellular compartments in which the interaction and conversion of PrP(c) into PrP(sc) take place are still controversial. PrP(c) interacts with various macromolecules at the cell membrane, in endocytic compartments and in the secretory pathway, all of which may play specific roles in the internalisation of PrP(sc) and conversion of PrP(c). A specific interacting protein required for the propagation of prions was originally proposed as a prion receptor, and later referred to as a ligand, a cofactor, protein X, or a partner. However, current studies indicate that PrP(c) associates with multi-molecular complexes, which mediate a variety of functions in distinct cellular compartments. It is proposed that a deeper understanding of the mechanics of such interactions, coupled to a better knowledge of the corresponding signalling pathways and ensuing cellular responses, will have a major impact on the prevention and treatment of TSE. 相似文献
45.
Chang HJ Batts KP Lloyd RV Sebo TJ Thompson GB Lohse CM Pankratz SV 《Endocrine pathology》2000,11(3):229-241
Nonfunctioning islet cell tumors or pancreatic endocrine tumors are the most common type of malignant islet cell tumor. Although
previously detected usually at an advanced stage because of mass effect, the early detection rate of small localized disease
has been increasing. To date it has been difficult to predict the clinical behavior in localized regional nonfunctioning tumors.
To investigate potential markers predicting malignancy and poor prognosis in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors, we
analyzed the expression of Ki-67, topoisomerase IIα (Topollα), and p27, as well as a variety of clinicopathologic parameters
in 76 cases of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors (23 benign cases and 53 malignant cases). Ki-67, Topollα, and p27 labeling
indices were significantly different between benign and malignant tumors. Expression of Ki-67, Topollα, and p27 were associated
with survival in patients with a malignant tumor in a univariate setting. However, only p27 and Topollα were jointly associated
with survival in multivariate analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for p27, Topollα, and Ki-67 can be helpful in the diagnosis
of nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumor. Analysis of p27 and Topollα may also have potential utility as prognostic factors
for malignant tumors. 相似文献
46.
Pinheiro PS Rodrigues RJ Silva AP Cunha RA Oliveira CR Malva JO 《Neuroscience letters》2003,336(2):97-100
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors have been identified mostly as postsynaptic receptors mediating fast glutamatergic synaptic transmission. However, neurochemical studies based on the modulation of neurotransmitter release have suggested the existence of presynaptic AMPA receptors. We have used a recently described technique that allows a high-purity fractionation of the pre- and postsynaptic proteins of synaptic junctions to evaluate the distribution of the different AMPA receptor subunits in rat hippocampal synapses. Surprisingly, we found very high levels of GluR1- and GluR2/3-like immunoreactivity in the presynaptic fraction, but also in the postsynaptic and extrasynaptic fractions. GluR4-like immunoreactivity was much less abundant but was still detected, predominantly in the postsynaptic fraction. This methodology appears to be far more sensitive than the classical immunogold electron microscopy to determine the localization of synaptic receptors. 相似文献
47.
Anand Shah Danny O Jacobs Henrique Martins Matthew Harker Andreia Menezes Mariana McCready Ricardo Pietrobon 《BMC medical informatics and decision making》2006,6(1):34
Background
The Internet has been increasingly utilized in biomedical research. From online searching for literature to data sharing, the Internet has emerged as a primary means of research for many physicians and scientists. As a result, Web-based surveys have been employed as an alternative to traditional, paper-based surveys. We describe DADOS-Survey, an open-source Web-survey application developed at our institution that, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to be compliant with the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). DADOS-Survey was designed with usability as a priority, allowing investigators to design and execute their own studies with minimal technical difficulties in doing so. 相似文献48.
Cl udia M. D. da Silva Henrique B. Ferreira Marina Pic n Nicole Gorfinkiel Ricardo Ehrlich Arnaldo Zaha 《Molecular and biochemical parasitology》1993,60(2):209-219
An Echinococcus granulosus genomic library has been screened with a mouse β-actin cDNA probe. Two clones carrying DNA fragments of about 15 kb, possibly derived from the same genome region, have been isolated. This 15-kb genomic region includes 2 actin-related sequences (EgactI and EgactII) separated by about 4 kb. The nucleotide sequences of both genes were determined. The EgactI sequence presents no introns, but an intron of 591 bp was observed in the EgactII sequence. The genes potentially encode 375 and 376 amino-acid-long actins, respectively, with a homology of 85.3%. The deduced amino acid sequences from both genes were compared to the actin sequences from other organisms, showing similarities ranging from 63.5% to 90.6%. The nucleotide sequence of a partial actin cDNA clone has been determined. The deduced amino acids sequence showed a homology of 90.3% and 88.0% in relation to the EgactI and EgactII sequences respectively, suggesting the existence of at least one more actin gene in E. granulosus. This hypothesis is reinforced by the number of bands detected in the Southern blot analysis. Experiments based on the amplification of DNA segments using 3′-specific actin primers indicate that the EgactI gene is transcribed in protoscoleces. 相似文献
49.
Fuentes V Toledano M Osorio R Carvalho RM 《Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A》2003,66(4):850-853
Our purpose in this study was to determine the microhardness of superficial and deep dentin by means of two indentation methods (Knoop and Vickers) under two different applied loads. Twelve dentin discs approximately 2-mm thick were obtained from both superficial and deep dentin by transversally sectioning the crowns of sound, extracted human third molars with a diamond blade under water irrigation. Dentin surfaces were sequentially polished, and indentations (n = 20 per surface) were performed with either Vickers indentor at loads of 300 and 500 g, respectively, or Knoop indentor at loads of 50 and 100 g, respectively. Average Vickers hardness number (VHN) and Knoop hardness number (KHN) were calculated and treated with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t test. Microhardness of dentin was not influenced by the different loads applied for both indentation methods. Knoop hardness was significantly higher for superficial than for deep dentin (p < 0.05). Conversely, Vickers hardness was not significantly different for both substrates (p > 0.05). Differences in dentin hardness as a function of depth exist, but they might not be relevant, and no alteration of the distribution of stresses along the adhesive interface is expected. 相似文献
50.
Enrique E Pineda F Malek T Bartra J Basagaña M Tella R Castelló JV Alonso R de Mateo JA Cerdá-Trias T San Miguel-Moncín Mdel M Monzón S García M Palacios R Cisteró-Bahíma A 《The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology》2005,116(5):1073-1079
BACKGROUND: Food allergy may be life-threatening, and patients affected need to receive accurate diagnoses and treatment. Hazelnut has often been implicated as responsible for allergic reactions, and trace quantities can induce systemic reactions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of sublingual immunotherapy with a standardized hazelnut extract in patients allergic to hazelnut. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Inclusion criteria were a history of hazelnut allergy and positive skin prick test and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge results. Patients were then randomly assigned into 2 treatment groups (hazelnut immunotherapy or placebo). Efficacy was assessed by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment. Blood samples were drawn for measurement of specific IgE, IgG(4), and serum cytokines before and after treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were enrolled and divided into 2 treatment groups. Twenty-two patients reached the planned maximum dose at 4 days. Systemic reactions were observed in only 0.2% of the total doses administered. Mean hazelnut quantity provoking objective symptoms increased from 2.29 g to 11.56 g (P = .02; active group) versus 3.49 g to 4.14 g (placebo; NS). Moreover, almost 50% of patients who underwent active treatment reached the highest dose (20 g), but only 9% in the placebo. Laboratory data showed an increase in IgG(4) and IL-10 levels after immunotherapy in only the active group. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm significant increases in tolerance to hazelnut after sublingual immunotherapy as assessed by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, and good tolerance to this treatment. 相似文献