Clara cell secretory protein deficiency alters clara cell secretory apparatus and the protein composition of airway lining fluid

Clara cells represent the predominant secretory cell within distal conducting airways of mammals and exhibit functional alterations with chronic lung disease. We previously demonstrated that Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) deficiency results in enhanced susceptibility to environmental agents. The present study was undertaken to define changes in Clara cell secretory function associated with CCSP deficiency in knockout mice. Comparative morphometry of Clara cell ultrastructure revealed dramatic alterations in secretory apparatus between wild-type (WT) and CCSP knockout (CCSP-/-) mice. Secretory granules, which occupy greater than 2% of Clara cell cytoplasmic volume in WT mice, were completely absent among Clara cells of CCSP-/- mice. Moreover, Clara cells of CCSP-/- mice exhibited a > 95% reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum and alterations to Golgi apparatus, relative to WT controls. Ultrastructural perturbations to Clara cells were associated with altered protein composition of airway lining fluid as revealed by two-dimensional gel analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage proteins, but were not associated with altered abundance or secretion of CC26, another Clara cell secretory protein. We conclude that CCSP is required for the appearance of Clara cell secretory granules and that functional changes to Clara cells that result from CCSP deficiency lead to alterations in the composition of epithelial lining fluid.     

Double mutation (A171T and D444H) is a common cause of profound biotinidase deficiency in children ascertained by newborn screening the the United States. Mutations in brief no. 128. Online

Biotinidase deficiency is inherited as an antosomal recessive trait that, unless treated with pharmacologic doses of biotin, can result in neurologic and cutaneous symptoms. We have identified two new mutations in exon D of the biotinidase gene of children with profound biotinidase deficiency ascertained by newborn screening. Transition 511G->A near the 5' end of exon D results in a substitution of threonine for alanine 171 (A171T) and transversion 1330G->C occurs close to the 3' end of exon D causing a substitution of histidine for aspartic acid 444 (D444H). The D444H mutation was detected in four individuals from our normal population whose mean serum biotinidase activity is 5.25 nmol/min/ml, which is significantly lower than the mean normal activity (7.1 nmol/min/ml). We calculated that this mutation causes a 52% loss of activity in the aberrant enzyme. Twenty-three individuals with the D444H mutation were found by allele specific oligonucleotide analysis of DNA from 296 randomly-selected, anonymous dried-blood spots. We estimate the frequency of this allele in the general population to be 0.039. In contrast, no individuals in 376 have the A171T mutation. Fourteen children (eleven probands and three siblings) out of the 31 enzyme-deficient children have both the A171T and D444H mutations. Both mutations are inherited from a single parent as a double mutation allele. The nine families in which this allele was identified are of mostly European ancestry, although the mutation cannot be attributed to a specific nationality or ethnic group. The serum of a child who is homozygous for the double mutation allele has very little CRM and the aberrant enzyme has very low biotinylhydrolase activity and no botinyl-transferase activity. This double mutation allele (A171T and D444H) is a common cause of profound biotinidase deficience in children ascertained by newborn screening in the United States.     

The Genée-Wiedemann syndrome,an acrofacial dysostosis—further observation

We report on a consanguineous Brazilian couple whose 2 children had tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly. Femoral bifurcation was present in one of the affected children. The relationship of tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly to the Gollop-Wolfgang complex is discussed. Clinical and genetic aspects of the conditions involving tibial aplasia and femoral bifurcation are discussed.     

Urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome

Between 1965 and 1986 we saw 36 children with enuresis and urinary tract infection in association with “inversion” of facial expression when laughing. Urologic work-up of these patients disclosed characteristic findings of mild neuropathic bladder in all cases, with severe urinary tract damage in most of them. The clear association of distortion in facial expression and neuropathic bladder with resultant damage to the genitourinary tract should prompt urological evaluation of individuals with “inversion” of facial expression. About two thirds of the patients also had moderate to severe constipation. We suggest the term urofacial syndrome for this disorder. The occurrence of the disorder in multiple sibs, normal parents, increased parental consanguinity, and equal sex ratio indicate autosomal recessive inheritance.     

Studies of the transport of polyclonal IgA antibody from blood to bile in rats.

Bile or thoracic duct lymph, collected from rats 7-9 days after suspensions of B. abortus, S. typhi or SRBC had been injected into the Peyer''s patches, contained high titres of specific agglutinins. Samples of these fluids were injected i.v. into unimmunized, syngeneic recipients and the partitioning between blood and bile of the injected antibodies was studied and found to depend on the source and class of the antibody. IgA antibodies from lymph plasma disappeared rapidly from the recipients'' blood and half of the dose was recovered in the bile within 2 h of its injection. IgA antibodies which had been collected from bile and so had previously traversed the liver and acquired secretory component, appeared in the recipients'' bile much less rapidly so that less than half of the dose entered the bile over a period of 40 h. Passively administered IgG antibodies did not enter the recipients'' bile to any significant extent and specific haemolysins never appeared in the bile after either passive or active immunization.     

Terminal bronchioles harbor a unique airway stem cell population that localizes to the bronchoalveolar duct junction

Cellular mechanisms contributing to renewal of terminal bronchioles remain poorly defined. Our previous studies identified pollutant-resistant Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP)-expressing stem cells that localize to the neuroepithelial body (NEB) and contribute to renewal of the proximal bronchiolar epithelium. However, activation of NEB-associated stem cells is unlikely to contribute to renewal of terminal bronchiolar epithelium because of the paucity of NEBs at this location. Goals of this study were to determine the location and properties of cells contributing to renewal of terminal bronchioles after Clara cell depletion. Pollutant-resistant CCSP-expressing cells were identified that localized to the bronchoalveolar duct junction (BADJ) and contribute to restoration of a phenotypically diverse epithelium. CCSP-expressing cells comprise the predominant proliferative population in initial terminal bronchiolar repair and include a population of label-retaining cells suggesting that they maintain characteristics of a stem cell population. Furthermore, immunohistochemical co-localization studies involving CCSP and the NEB-specific marker calcitonin gene-related peptide indicate that BADJ-associated CCSP-expressing stem cells function independently of NEB microenvironments. These studies identify a BADJ-associated, NEB-independent, CCSP-expressing stem cell population in terminal bronchioles and support the notion that regiospecific stem cell niches function to maintain epithelial diversity after injury.     

Mass spectrometric identification of mtb81, a novel serological marker for tuberculosis

We have used serological proteome analysis in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry to identify and sequence a novel protein, Mtb81, which may be useful for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), especially for patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recombinant Mtb81 was tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies in 25 of 27 TB patients (92%) seropositive for HIV as well as in 38 of 67 individuals (57%) who were TB positive alone. No reactivity was observed in 11 of 11 individuals (100%) who were HIV seropositive alone. In addition, neither sera from purified protein derivative (PPD)-negative (0 of 29) nor sera from healthy (0 of 45) blood donors tested positive with Mtb81. Only 2 of 57 of PPD-positive individuals tested positive with Mtb81. Sera from individuals with smear-positive TB and seropositive for HIV but who had tested negative for TB in the 38-kDa antigen immunodiagnostic assay were also tested for reactivity against Mtb81, as were sera from individuals with lung cancer and pneumonia. Mtb81 reacted with 26 of 37 HIV(+) TB(+) sera (70%) in this group, compared to 2 of 37 (5%) that reacted with the 38-kDa antigen. Together, these results demonstrate that Mtb81 may be a promising complementary antigen for the serodiagnosis of TB.     

Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a large urban hospital over a 5-year period

To investigate the dissemination of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in a 728-bed tertiary-care hospital, all clinical VREF isolates recovered from June 1992 to June 1997 were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the transfer histories of the patients were documented. A total of 413 VREF isolates from urine (52%), wounds (16%), blood (11%), catheter tips (6%), and other sites (15%) were studied. VREF specimens mostly came from patients on wards (66%) but 34% came from patients in an intensive care unit. The number of VREF isolates progressively increased over time, with higher rates of isolation during the winter months and lower rates in the late summer months. Four distinct banding patterns were detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis among 316 samples (76%). Strain A (122 samples; 30%) appeared in June 1992 as the first VREF strain and was found until December 1994 throughout the entire hospital. Type B (92 samples; 22%) was initially detected in January 1994 and disappeared in November 1996. Strain C (10 samples; 2%) was limited to late 1996 and early 1997. Strain D (92 samples; 22%) showed two major peaks during March 1996 to August 1996 and January 1997 to February 1997. Unrelated strains (97 samples; 24%) appeared 1 year after the appearance of the first VREF isolate, and the numbers increased slightly over the years. Nosocomial acquisition (i.e., no known detection prior to admission and first isolation from cultures performed with samples retrieved >/=2 days after hospitalization) was found for 316 (91%) of 347 patients. Despite the implementation of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, the proportion of related strains and high number of nosocomial cases of infection indicate a high transmission rate inside the hospital. The results imply an urgent need for stringent enforcement of more effective infection control measures.     

Large granular lymphocyte leukemia. A heterogeneous lymphocytic leukemia in F344 rats.

The morphology, histochemistry, cell surface antigens, and natural killer cell (NK) activity of 10 primary and 10 transplantable large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemias of aging F344 rats were studied. The LGL leukemia is the major cause of death of aging F344 rats. Morphologically, the LGL leukemias were composed of cells with either pleomorphic nuclei with many intracytoplasmic granules or round nuclei with few intracytoplasmic granules. The granules appeared to be lysosomes containing beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase and ultrastructurally developed in association with vesicles in the Golgi apparatus. Splenic natural killer cell activity against YAC-1 cells varied from case to case, and it appeared to be associated with LGL leukemia cells. Some transplantable leukemias had stable NK activity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of surface antigens revealed the LGL leukemias to be heterogeneous, and there was no correlation between cytotoxic activity and cell surface antigens. Although the morphologic features of cells in LGL leukemias resemble those of normal rat LGLs, differences in cytotoxic activity and surface antigens suggest that LGL tumors represent a heterogeneous group of leukemias which may serve as a model for the study of origin and lineage of normal LGL and NK cells.     

Sedative but not anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subtype

Inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain is largely mediated by GABA(A) receptors. Potentiation of GABA receptor activation through an allosteric benzodiazepine (BZ) site produces the sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant and cognition-impairing effects of clinically used BZs such as diazepam. We created genetically modified mice (alpha1 H101R) with a diazepam-insensitive alpha1 subtype and a selective BZ site ligand, L-838,417, to explore GABA(A) receptor subtypes mediating specific physiological effects. These two complimentary approaches revealed that the alpha1 subtype mediated the sedative, but not the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. This finding suggests ways to improve anxiolytics and to develop drugs for other neurological disorders based on their specificity for GABA(A) receptor subtypes in distinct neuronal circuits.