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11.
Funnel plots are graphical tools designed to detect excessive variation in performance indicators by simple visual inspection of the data. Their main use in the biomedical domain so far has been to detect publication bias in meta‐analyses, but they have also been recommended as the most appropriate way to display performance indicators for a vast range of health‐related outcomes. Here, we extend the use of funnel plots to population‐based cancer survival and several related measures. We present three applications to familiarise the reader with their interpretation. We propose funnel plots for various cancer survival measures, as well as age‐standardised survival, trends in survival and excess hazard ratios. We describe the components of a funnel plot and the formulae for the construction of the control limits for each of these survival measures. We include three transformations to construct the control limits for the survival function: complementary log–log, logit and logarithmic transformations. We present applications of funnel plots to explore the following: (i) small‐area and temporal variation in cancer survival; (ii) racial and geographical variation in cancer survival; and (iii) geographical variation in the excess hazard of death. Funnel plots provide a simple and informative graphical tool to display geographical variation and trend in a range of cancer survival measures. We recommend their use as a routine instrument for cancer survival comparisons, to inform health policy makers in planning and assessing cancer policies. We advocate the use of the complementary log–log or logit transformation to construct the control limits for the survival function. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Watad Abdulla Quaresma Mariana Bragazzi Nicola Luigi Cervera Ricard Tervaert Jan Willem Cohen Amital Howard Shoenfeld Yehuda 《Clinical rheumatology》2018,37(2):483-493
Clinical Rheumatology - The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is a recently identified condition in which the exposure to an adjuvant leads to an aberrant autoimmune... 相似文献
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M. MICHAELA OTT ANITA HELBING GERMAN OTT JIRI BARTEK LARS FISCHER ALEXANDER DÜRR HANS KREIPE HANS K. MÜLLER-HERMELINK 《The Journal of pathology》1996,179(3):238-242
Centrocytic lymphoma, or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), is characterized by a chromosomal translocation t(11;14) (q13;q32) involving the bcl-1 locus on chromosome 11. Cyclin D1 is a cell-cycle regulatory protein essential for G1–S transition and has been identified as a potential transforming gene affected by the translocation. In this study, 32 cases of MCL were analysed for the bcl-1 rearrangement and cyclin D1 protein expression. In 17 cases, a rearrangement at the major translocation cluster of bcl-1 could be detected. Twenty-four cases exhibited nuclear cyclin D1 expression that was not detectable in other B-cell lymphomas ( n =40) or in normal B-cells. In nine MCL samples, cyclin D1 was expressed without a detectable bcl-1 rearrangement. The detection of a t(11;14) by means of classical cytogenetics in one of these cases, however, may suggest that this discrepancy could be due to chromosomal breakages outside the typical translocation cluster region. In two cases, a bcl-1 rearrangement was not accompanied by cyclin D1 expression. This study provides further evidence that cyclin D1 is involved in the pathogenesis of MCL and can be exploited as a diagnostic marker in the differential diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas and in the identification of MCL. 相似文献
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Marcella Kelly Costa de Almeida Kemper Nunes dos Santos Amanda Alves Fecury Cláudia Suellen Ferro de Oliveira Andrei Silva Freitas Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma Hellen Thais Fuzii Luisa Caricio Martins 《Journal of medical virology》2012,84(12):1907-1912
Epidemiologically, the relevance of infection caused by hepatitis viruses is related mainly to their wide geographic distribution and the large number of infected individuals in all parts of the world. In this study, 668 residents from the islands around the Tucuruí Dam were selected. Blood samples were collected for investigation of serological markers (HBsAg, total anti‐HBc, anti‐HBS, and anti‐HCV) by enzyme immunoassays. HCV‐positive subjects were tested using RT‐PCR and RFLP for the identification of viral genotypes. Among the 668 subjects studied, 1.9% were HBsAg positive, 28% were total anti‐HBc positive, and 41.9% were anti‐HBs positive. The anti‐HBs marker alone (vaccine response) was detected in 25.7% of the volunteers. Anti‐HCV antibody was detected in 2.2% of the subjects and genotype 1 was the predominant genotype (70%). The results indicate an intermediate level of HBV and HCV endemicity in the region studied, as well as low HBV vaccination coverage. J. Med. Virol. 84:1907–1912, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Human MSH2 binds to trinucleotide repeat DNA structures associated with neurodegenerative diseases 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:5
The expansion of trinucleotide repeat sequences is associated with several
neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanism of this expansion is unknown but
may involve slipped-strand structures where adjacent rather than perfect
complementary sequences of a trinucleotide repeat become paired. Here, we
have studied the interaction of the human mismatch repair protein MSH2 with
slipped-strand structures formed from a triplet repeat sequence in order to
address the possible role of MSH2 in trinucleotide expansion. Genomic
clones of the myotonic dystrophy locus containing disease-relevant lengths
of (CTG)n x (CAG)n triplet repeats were examined. We have constructed two
types of slipped-strand structures by annealing complementary strands of
DNA containing: (i) equal numbers of trinucleotide repeats (homoduplex
slipped structures or S-DNA) or (ii) different numbers of repeats
(heteroduplex slipped intermediates or SI-DNA). SI-DNAs having an excess of
either CTG or CAG repeats were structurally distinct and could be separated
electrophoretically and studied individually. Using a band-shift assay, the
MSH2 was shown to bind to both S-DNA and SI-DNA in a structure- specific
manner. The affinity of MSH2 increased with the length of the repeat
sequence. Furthermore, MSH2 bound preferentially to looped-out CAG repeat
sequences, implicating a strand asymmetry in MSH2 recognition. Our results
are consistent with the idea that MSH2 may participate in trinucleotide
repeat expansion via its role in repair and/or recombination.
相似文献
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Flair J Carrilho Cleusa R Moraes João RR Pinho Isabel MVGC Mello Dennis A Bertolini Marcílio F Lemos Regina C Moreira Leda C Bassit Rita A Cardoso Gabriela Ribeiro-dos-Santos Luiz C Da Silva 《BMC public health》2004,4(1):1-11