Role of macrophages in peripheral nerve injury and repair

Resident and inflammatory macrophages are essential effectors of the innate immune system. These cells provide innate immune defenses and regulate tissue and organ homeostasis. In addition to their roles in diseases such as cancer, obesity and osteoarthritis, they play vital roles in tissue repair and disease rehabilitation. Macrophages and other inflammatory cells are recruited to tissue injury sites where they promote changes in the microenvironment. Among the inflammatory cell types, only macrophages have both pro-inflammatory(M1) and anti-inflammatory(M2) actions, and M2 macrophages have four subtypes. The co-action of M1 and M2 subtypes can create a favorable microenvironment, releasing cytokines for damaged tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the activation of macrophages and their roles in severe peripheral nerve injury. We also describe the therapeutic potential of macrophages in nerve tissue engineering treatment and highlight approaches for enhancing M2 cell-mediated nerve repair and regeneration.     

2014—2018年黄山市淋病疫情流行特征分析

目的分析2014-2018年黄山市淋病的流行特征,为全市的淋病防控工作提供科学依据。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集黄山市2014—2018年的淋病数据、人口数据,进行统计分析。结果2014—2018年黄山市累计报告淋病病例761例,年均发病率为11.09/10万,年均增长率为29.14%,发病率呈逐年上升趋势(χ^2趋势=112.29,P<0.05)。淋病的人群分布中,男女报告病例数之比为13.63:1,男女发病率有统计学差异(χ^2=113.18,P<0.05);15~49岁年龄组病例数最多,占85.94%,职业以农民最多,占44.81%;以屯溪区、歙县报告病例数较多,分别占37.45%、23.26%。结论2014—2018年黄山市淋病发病率呈上升趋势,淋病防控形势严峻,需进一步完善各项防控措施。     

食管癌根治性放疗剂量研究进展

同步放化疗是不可手术局部晚期食管癌的标准治疗模式,国际推荐根治性放疗剂量为50.0~50.4Gy,但中国食管癌与西方国家在病理类型、生物学行为等方面大有不同,行根治性放疗剂量仍倾向于60Gy。增加放疗剂量能否带来生存获益成为临床亟待解决的问题。有研究认为高剂量放疗可提高局控率、改善生存,但也有研究认为提高剂量未能带来生存获益,且可增加不良反应事件发生率。因此,本文就食管癌根治性放疗剂量对预后的影响进行探讨,并通过放化疗后疗效评估对放疗剂量做出适当调整,以期达个体化放疗。     

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester,a propolis polyphenolic,attenuates potentially cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in mice

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) as environmental pollutant can induce severe damage, particularly to the testis. This study investigated the effects of Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on testicular dysfunction induced by Cd. Adult mice were intraperitoneally injected with cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) with different doses of CAPE pretreatment. After CdCl₂ injection, body/testis weight ratio decreased, Cd levels accumulated and zinc levels decreased in testis. Furthermore, Cd intoxication caused a significant increase of oxidative stress levels, antioxidant enzymes activities, and glutathione levels. Interestingly, significant improvements were observed after the administration of CAPE. Our results demonstrated the protective effect of CAPE, linking Cd testicular dysfunction to oxidative stress.     

临床实习生对患者隐私的认知及保护情况调查

目的了解临床实习生对患者隐私的认知以及在临床实践中对患者隐私的保护情况,探讨患者隐私教育及临床实习中存在的问题,分析成因并提出加强患者隐私教育、引导实习生合理获取患者隐私的具体建议,以改善临床医学教育过程中存在的薄弱环节。方法随机选取海军军医大学等5所医学院校的572名临床医学实习生为调查对象,发放调查问卷。主要内容包括实习生隐私教育评分、对于隐私保护法及隐私具体范围的知晓情况、临床实践中是否泄露隐私、隐私与临床诊疗等方面,调查结果采用SPSS 21.0软件进行分析。结果27.6%实习生曾发生过泄露患者隐私的情况,58.9%实习生不了解隐私相关法律法规及隐私具体范围,95.4%实习生认为出于诊疗目的而获取患者隐私信息很有必要,但仍有56.6%实习生曾回避涉及患者隐私的医疗活动。结论临床医学实习生的教育中患者隐私教育相对欠缺并有待进一步加强。实习生应当自觉保护患者隐私,维护患者利益,并树立对于患者隐私的合理认知,从患者隐私中提取有价值的信息。     

Analysis of early mortality and related risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To analyze the early mortality and related risk factors of new hemodialysis patients in Zhejiang province, and provide basis for reducing the death risk of hemodialysis patients. Methods The early mortality and related factors of new hemodialysis patients from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed using the database of Zhejiang province hemodialysis registration. The early mortality was defined as death within 90 days of dialysis. Cox regression model was used to analyze the related risk factors of the early mortality in hemodialysis patients. Results The mortality was the highest in the first month after dialysis (46.40/100 person year), and gradually stabilized after three months. The early mortality was 25.33/100 person year. The mortality within 120 days and 360 days were 21.40/100 person year and 11.37/100 person year, respectively. The elderly (≥65 years old, HR=1.981, 95%CI 1.319-2.977, P＜0.001), primary tumor (HR=3.308, 95%CI 1.137-5.624, P=0.028), combined with tumors (not including the primary tumor, HR=2.327, 95%CI 1.200-4.513, P=0.012), temporary catheter (the initial dialysis pathway, HR=3.632, 95%CI 1.806-7.307, P＜0.001), lower albumin (＜30 g/L, HR=2.181, 95%CI 1.459-3.260, P＜0.001), lower hemoglobin (every 0.01 g/L increase, HR=0.861, 95%CI 0.793-0.935, P=0.001), lower high density lipoprotein (＜0.7 mmol/L, HR=1.796, 95%CI 1.068-3.019, P=0.027) and higher C reactive protein (≥40 mg/L, HR=1.889, 95%CI 1.185-3.012, P=0.008) were the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients. Conclusions The early mortality of hemodialysis patients is high after dialysis, and gradually stable after 3 months. The elderly, primary tumor, combined with tumors, the initial dialysis pathway, lower albumin, lower hemoglobin, lower high density lipoprotein and higher C reactive protein are the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients.     

Additional bedtime H2‐receptor antagonist for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough: A Cochrane systematic review

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of additional bedtime H₂‐receptor antagonists (H₂RAs) in suppressing nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough (NAB) via a systematic review. METHODS: Eligible trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966–June 2004), EMBASE (January 1980–June 2004) and CINAHL (January 1982–June 2004). Additional hand‐searching was conducted on the proceedings of correlated conferences, eight important Chinese journals and references of all included trials. All randomized controlled trials evaluating H₂RAs for the control of NAB were eligible for inclusion. The systematic review was conducted using methods recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: Only two randomized crossover studies, comprising 32 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Because the design, dosage and duration of the treatments were different between the studies, it was not possible to conduct meta‐analysis. There were no consistent conclusions found between the two included studies in evaluating H₂RAs for the control of NAB. CONCLUSIONS: No implications for practice at this stage can be concluded. Appropriately designed large‐scale randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow up are needed to determine the effects of additional bedtime H₂RAs in suppressing NAB.     

受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ转基因载体的构建及其在细胞水平上的有效性检测

目的：构建一种可以在哺乳动物细胞中蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的受控型转基因载体，为制备受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型MGF-Ⅰ的转基因小鼠奠定基础。方法：利用分子克隆技术构建受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的转基因载体；将其电转至AM1菌中，利用其中的Cre重组酶将载体上两个同向LoxP序更锚定的新霉素（neomycin）基因删除，解除其对蜕皮激素诱导表达系统的阻断作用，利用PCR、酶切和测序鉴定删除情况；将重组后的载体转染至COS7细胞中进行瞬间表达，蜕皮激素诱导后回收培养上清和细胞裂解物进行Western印迹分析，检测hIGF-Ⅰ的表达情况。结果和结论：成功构建大小为13．6kb的转基因载体pOE-IGF-Ⅰ；转化至AM1中后，PCR、酶切和测序的结果都证明其中的Cre酶能够将载体上neomycin基因删除；重组后的载体转染至COS7细胞中进行诱导表达，Western印迹实验证明截短型MGF-Ⅰ能够在COS7细胞中顺利表达。上述结果证明该蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的受控型转基因载体能够用于转基因小鼠的制备。     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记大鼠骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植MRI活体示踪的研究

目的观察1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈是否可以活体示踪经门静脉移植的纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞（bone marrow stromal cells BMSCs），为介人性门静脉骨髓基质细胞移植治疗终末期肝脏疾病的研究提供进一步的依据。方法供体大鼠5只，梯度密度离心分离BMSCs，纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，体外经普鲁士蓝染色和HE染色确定细胞标记率。受体大鼠15只，分为5组，分别为对照组和纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后2h、3d、7d及2周组。1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈行T1W、T2W和T2＊序列扫描，观察肝脏信号改变情况，与对照组比较，并且与组织切片对照。结果纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，细胞标记率〉95％。经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后，T2＊序列扫描显示经标记的BMSCs在肝内显示弥漫性的结节性低信号影，移植后2h到2周均可见到细胞在受体肝脏内存在，组织学切片显示信号缺失部位与铁颗粒标记细胞相一致。结论纳米级超顺磁性铁氧体颗粒标记的大鼠BMSCs经门静脉移植后可以通过1、5T场强行MRI活体示踪，为临床干细胞移植的应用提供可行的示踪方法。