Cell-specific localization of monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1 and MCT2, in the adult mouse brain revealed by double immunohistochemical labeling and confocal microscopy

Recent evidence suggests that lactate could be a preferential energy substrate transferred from astrocytes to neurons. This would imply the presence of specific transporters for lactate on both cell types. We have investigated the immunohistochemical localization of two monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1 and MCT2, in the adult mouse brain. Using specific antibodies raised against MCT1 and MCT2, we found strong immunoreactivity for each transporter in glia limitans, ependymocytes and several microvessel-like elements. In addition, small processes distributed throughout the cerebral parenchyma were immunolabeled for monocarboxylate transporters. Double immunofluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy examination of these small processes revealed no co-localization between glial fibrillary acidic protein and monocarboxylate transporters, although many glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive processes were often in close apposition to elements labeled for monocarboxylate transporters. In contrast, several elements expressing the S100beta protein, another astrocytic marker found to be located in distinct parts of the same cell when compared with glial fibrillary acidic protein, were also strongly immunoreactive for MCT1, suggesting expression of this transporter by astrocytes. In contrast, MCT2 was expressed in a small subset of microtubule-associated protein-2-positive elements, indicating a neuronal localization.In conclusion, these observations are consistent with the possibility that lactate, produced and released by astrocytes (via MCT1), could be taken up (via MCT2) and used by neurons as an energy substrate.     

Early Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness Following Injection of Sephadex Beads in the Guinea Pig: Involvement of Platelet Activating Factor and Thromboxane A2

The effects of an intravenous injection (i.v.) of Sephadex beads (20 mg kg^–1) were examined on bronchial responsiveness to ACh (1–200 g kg^–1 i.v.) as well as on cell accumulation in guinea-pig lung. Bronchial hyperreactivity to ACh, measured as increase in pulmonary insufflation pressure (PIP), was observed 3 h following the i.v. injection of Sephadex beads. However, no significant increase in bronchial reactivity to ACh was measured at 6 and 12 h following Sephadex injection. A second later increase in bronchial hyperresponsiveness was observed at 24 h. Bronchoalveolar lavage performed at 3 h following Sephadex treatment showed that there was no significant increase in total or differential cell number. At 6 h and 12 h, a significant increase in total cell counts was observed. At 24 h, a greater than 5-fold increase in cell number was observed and was related to a marked eosinophil, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. A platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, CV-3988 (10 mg kg^–1 i.v.), and a thromboxane A₂ (TxA₂) antagonist, L655,240 (10 mg kg^–1 i.v.), significantly attenuated the Sephadex-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness to ACh observed at 3 h. The results show that an i.v. injection of Sephadex beads in guinea pigs can induce an early bronchial hyperresponsiveness to ACh that is mediated by the release of both PAF and TxA₂ and is independent of airway cell infiltration.     

Three highly polymorphic microsatellites at the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein locus, 100 kb telomeric to HLA-F : Characterization and relation to HLA haplotypes

The MOG locus, located on chromosomal bands 6p21.3-p22 and mapped about 100 kb telomeric to HLA-F, was isolated from cosmid ICRFcl09A2434 and shown to contain three microsatellites. These CA-repeat polymorphic markers were characterized in a sample of 173 healthy unrelated individuals and 84 DNAs from the HLA Workshop reference panel, by a method combining fluorescence labeling of PCR products and use of an automated DNA sequencer. For the three markers, frequencies of heterozygotes are well predicted from allele frequencies by the Hardy—Weinberg rule, which suggests that problems of allele nonamplification are unlikely. Typing of cell lines homozygous in the HLA region allowed unambiguous definition of 81 HLA-MOG haplotypes and showed that several HLA ancestral haplotypes extended to the MOG region. The high degree of polymorphism (59%, 51%, and 81% at the three loci, respectively, and 87% at the haplotype level) makes these new markers informative for association or linkage studies with diseases such as hemochromatosis or multiple sclerosis, and for studies aimed at precisely delineating the site of crossover in chromosomes in which recombination occurred in the distal part of the HLA class I region.     

Optimization of nonviral transfection: variables influencing liposome-mediated gene transfer in proliferating vs. quiescent cells in culture and in vivo using a porcine restenosis model

Cationic liposomes/DNA complexes are widely used vectors for delivering genes in clinical and experimental trials. Relatively low transfer efficiencies in vivo compared with viral gene transfer may be improved using local application. In addition, markedly increased transfer efficiency may be achieved in vitro and in vivo via optimization of known variables influencing liposomal transfection. Lipofection under different conditions was performed in various cell lines and primary porcine smooth muscle cells. Optimized conditions found in vitro were verified in vivo using a porcine restenosis model. Toxicity was monitored analyzing cell metabolism. Transfer efficiency and safety were determined using morphometry, histology, galactosidase assays, PCR, and RT-PCR. The most important variables enabling maximum transfer efficiency were firstly the appropriate selection of cationic lipids for the cell type to be transfected, secondly the DNA/liposome ratio chosen, which depended on the cell type and cationic lipids used, and thirdly the state of proliferation of the targeted cells. Transfection in vivo demonstrated two- to fivefold higher transfer efficiencies when transfer conditions were extrapolated from optimization experiments in stationary cells compared with the use of conditions established in proliferating cells. Application of the therapeutic gene for cecropin using optimized transfer conditions resulted in a significantly reduced neointima formation compared with the transfection using a control gene for ss-galactosidase. Thus, in this vascular model, initial optimization of lipofection in stationary cells in culture followed by local delivery in vivo and with selection of a suitable therapeutic gene led to markedly improved transfer efficiencies, gene expression, and biological effect. Stationary cell cultures simulate more realistically the in vivo situation and may therefore represent a better model for future in vivo experiments. In addition, the advantages of liposomes are easy handling, low toxicity, and the lack of carcinogenicity or immunogenic reactions.     

Tomo-anatomie hépatique. Introduction à l'écho-anatomie du foie normal

Résumé Ce travail tente de définir une écho-anatomie du foie normal à partir de neuf plans tomographiques de référence, chacun étant caractérisé par la morphologie de la glande hépatique, par son contenu structural et par son environnement topographique.Les auteurs interprètent l'imagerie échographique directement à partir de l'observation macroscopique de coupes anatomiques correspondantes. Ils indiquent que la corrélation anatomo-échographique est satisfaisante et dégagent quelques indications spécifiques pour chacune des incidences.     

Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy in HIV/AIDS

Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on neuromuscular biopsy specimens from 12 neurologically affected seropositive patients, 7 with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 2 with AIDS-related complex, and 3 with no symptoms except for neuropathy. All patients had an axonal injury associated or unassociated with demyelination and peripheral neurogenic atrophy. Capillary lesions were consistently present, which seems to be a new finding. Moreover, tubuloreticular inclusions (TRIs) were found in endomysial (9 of 12 cases) and endoneurial (7 of 12 cases) vessels. Statistical analysis showed that TRIs in more than 20% of endomysial vessels correlated with a survival time shorter than 12 months (P = 0.028). Thus the quantification of TRIs seems to be one of the vital prognostic elements in this patient population.     

Three patients with hallucal polydactyly and WAGR syndrome, including discordant expression of Wilms tumor in MZ twins

The WAGR contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a combination of Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genito-urinary abnormalities, and growth and mental retardation which is invariably associated with an 11p13 deletion. We report two monozygotic twins and a third, unrelated patient with WAGR syndrome and additional clinical features not usually associated with WAGR. Both twins had developmental delay, growth deficiency, severe ocular involvement (nystagmus, aniridia, cataracts), atrial septal defect and two uncommon findings: agenesis of the corpus callosum and duplication of the halluces. One twin developed Wilms tumors aged 19 months while her sister remained tumor free by the age of 6.5 years. The singleton patient showed typical WAGR syndrome and preaxial hallucal polydactyly. Molecular cytogenetic studies refined the identification of the extent of the deleted segments, which were not identical in the two families. The two deletions included the PAX6 and WT1 genes as previously reported in typical WAGR patients. The unusual anomalies described in this report, may represent the expression of low penetrant traits associated with haploinsufficency of one or more of the genes present in the deletion (PAX6 is expressed in CNS) or may indicate epistatic influences of modifier genes on the expression of gene(s) present in the WAGR region.     

Evaluation of three commercially available hepatitis C virus antibody detection assays under the conditions of a clinical virology laboratory.

BACKGROUND: Most studies evaluating antibody detection assays are conducted on samples from healthy blood donors but not on samples of hospitalized patients which can show non-specific reactions. OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of three commercial automated assays for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, Monolisa anti-HCV Plus version 2, Axsym anti-HCV 3.0 and Vitros anti-HCV, on a population of hospitalized patients. STUDY DESIGN: The specificity of the assays was prospectively evaluated in 2020 routine serum samples. In order to assign the serostatus of each sample, those giving positive or discordant results were further tested by three immunoblots and by RT-PCR (Roche). Moreover, the sensitivity was evaluated on eight commercial HCV seroconversion panels. RESULTS: The Monolisa, Axsym and Vitros assays showed specificities of 99.64%, 99.12% and 99.33%, respectively. Concerning the sensitivity, among 49 samples, the number of positive results was 21, 24 and 24 for the Monolisa, Axsym and Vitros kits, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant at an alpha risk of 5%. CONCLUSIONS: All assays appeared to be reliable for routine screening, but there were a surprising number of indeterminate samples that could not be resolved by confirmatory tests.     

Differences in airway remodeling between subjects with severe and moderate asthma

BACKGROUND: Airway remodeling in asthma comprises a range of structural changes. Several studies have suggested an association between these changes and disease severity. The relationship between the extent of remodeling and lung function is not well defined. OBJECTIVE: We sought to contrast the structural changes in the airways of well-defined groups of subjects with severe and moderate asthma and to correlate the extent of remodeling with disease severity. METHODS: Endobronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from 15 subjects with severe and 13 subjects with moderate asthma. Epithelial integrity, cell-layer areas, subepithelial fibrosis, and the distance between epithelial and airway smooth muscle (ASM) layers were measured by means of image analysis. Collagen was identified by using Van Giesen stain, and ASM was defined by using smooth muscle alpha-actin immunostaining. Specific immunostains were performed for the evaluation of RANTES, IL-8, and eotaxin expression as markers of ASM phenotype. RESULTS: ASM area was greater in subjects with severe (0.24+/- 0.03 mm(2)) than in subjects with moderate (0.05+/- 0.01 mm(2)) asthma (P<.001). The distance between the epithelial and ASM layers was less in the severe group (0.12+/- 0.01 mm) than in the moderate group (0.24+/- 0.02, P<.001). A trend toward greater subepithelial fibrosis in subjects with severe asthma did not reach statistical significance. IL-8 and eotaxin expression, but not RANTES expression, were increased in the ASM of subjects with severe asthma compared with in subjects with moderate asthma. CONCLUSION: Smooth muscle alteration is the key structural change that distinguishes severe from moderate asthma, and phenotypic change in ASM might contribute to the difficulty in obtaining adequate control in some subjects with severe asthma.     

P-selectin inhibition suppresses muscle regeneration following injury

This investigation sought to determine if P-selectin-mediated mechanisms contributed to macrophage localization in damaged muscle, an essential process for muscle regeneration. Mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (sPSGL-1) at 5, 50, or 200 microg/mouse or with 100 microl vehicle alone, and then, lengthening contractions were induced in hindlimb plantar-flexor muscles. The contractions caused fiber damage in soleus muscles, with maximal invasion by CD11b+ mononuclear cells at 24 h post-injury and substantial accumulation of CD11b+ mononuclear cells in the extracellular matrix up to 7 days post-injury. sPSGL-1 treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of regenerating fibers (P=0.021), as determined by developmental myosin heavy chain (dMHC) expression. This expression was reduced 93% at 7 days post-injury by the highest dose of sPSGL-1, which had no significant influence on intrafiber or extracellular accumulation of cells expressing CD11b, a general marker for phagocytic cells. Additional mice were injected i.v. with 20 microg anti-P-selectin or isotype-control immunoglobulin G and were then subjected to lengthening contractions as before. At 7 days post-injury, soleus muscles from anti-P-selectin-treated mice contained 48% fewer mononuclear cells that bound ER-BMDM1 (P=0.019), a marker for mature macrophages and dendritic cells, and 84% fewer fibers expressing dMHC (P = 0.006), compared with muscles from isotype-injected, control mice. The number of CD11b+ cells was not significantly different between groups. The results are consistent with the concept that P-selectin is involved in the recruitment, maturation, and/or activation of cells that are critical for muscle fiber regeneration.