Pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma

In recent decades there has been a dramatic rise in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) in the developed world. Over approximately the same period there has also been an increase in the prevalence of obesity. Obesity, especially visceral obesity, is an important independent risk factor for the development of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus and EAC. Although the simplest explanation is that this mediated by the mechanical effects of abdominal obesity promoting gastro-esophageal reflux, the epidemiological data suggest that the EAC-promoting effects are independent of reflux. Several, not mutually exclusive, mechanisms have been implicated, which may have different effects at various points along the refluxBarrett's-cancer pathway. These mechanisms include a reduction in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection enhancing gastric acidity and possibly appetite byincreasing gastric ghrelin secretion, induction of both low-grade systemic inflammation by factors secreted by adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome with insulin-resistance. Obesity is associated with enhanced secretion of leptin and decreased secretion of adiponectin from adipose tissue and both increased leptin and decreased adiponectin have been shown to be independent risk factors for progression to EAC. Leptin and adiponectin have a set of mutually antagonistic actions on Barrett's cells which appear to influence the progression of malignant behaviour. At present no drugs are of proven benefit to prevent obesity associated EAC. Roux-en-Y reconstruction is the preferred bariatric surgical option for weight loss in patients with reflux. Statins and aspirin may have chemopreventative effects and are indicated for their circulatory benefits.     

水溶性药物的疏水性修饰及其重组型脂质体的研究

脂质体载水溶性药物出现的共同问题是药物的包封量低、稳定性差。本文以甲硝唑(Ⅰ)为水溶性药物模型,进行疏水性结构修饰,得其肉豆蔻酸酯(Ⅱ)前体药物,分别进行Ⅰ和Ⅱ的脂质体研究,结果表明Ⅱ在脂质体中的包封率较Ⅰ提高10倍以上,渗漏速率降至十分之一,制成含Ⅱ的脂质干膜,经超声分散,可得合乎要求的重组型脂质体,为解决脂质体载药的稳定性问题提供有效途径。体外抗阿米巴原虫试验,镜检观察到载药脂质体进入阿米巴原虫的细胞内,且100%抑制原虫所需剂量Ⅱ脂质体是Ⅰ游离药的二分之一。因此药物疏水化修饰是解决脂质体载水溶性药物稳定性问题的理想途径。     

Antimicrobials as a contributory factor in oral candidosis – a brief overview

The advent of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and the increasing prevalence of compromised individuals in the community due to modern therapeutic advances have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections, including oral candidosis, which is by far the most common oral fungal infection in man. Broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of a wide range of disease conditions have also been attributed as a predisposing factor of oral candidosis. In this mini review we discuss the research findings on the relationship between antibiotics and oral candidosis and possible mechanisms of pathogenicity following such therapy.     

喉切除术后患者的生存质量量表

目的:研制并测试喉切除术后患者生存质量量表。方法:依据1993年WHO制定的生存质量一般准则,通过指标的收集和筛选,制定喉切除术后患者生存质量量表。选择1996-06/2002-06在中山大学附属第一医院因喉癌行喉切除术后满6个月的患者81例,对36例喉部分切除和45例喉全切除的患者进行上述量表问卷调查,考核该量表的可行性、信度和效度。结果:①量表指标筛选结果:经过对收集的81个指标的多次筛选,最终得到生存质量量表的22个评价指标。②量表结构:由22个评价指标及1个有关患者对自己总体健康状况和生存质量评价的问题(满分100分)组成。覆盖了身体机能、喉功能、心理状态、独立生活能力、社会关系与环境以及气管造口等6个方面。采用等级描述评分法,每个问题有5个选项,由差到好依次分值为1～5分。③量表的接受率和完成率分别为73%和93%,完成时间为10min以内;分半信度、克朗巴赫系数和方差比分别为0.842,0.889和0.155,表明量表有较好的信度。通过测试准则关联效度及内容效度,表明量表是有效的。结论:设计的喉切除术后患者生存质量量表有喉切除术的专业特性,具有较好的可行性、信度及效度。     

无机活性元素骨组织工程支架材料修复山羊颌骨缺损

目的:应用无机活性元素骨组织工程支架材料,对山羊的下颌骨角部大型箱状缺损施行骨重建,观察支架材料骨构建效能和生物相容性的情况。方法:实验于2004-02/12在安徽医科大学附属省立医院实验中心及相关实验室完成。①实验材料:无机活性元素骨组织工程支架材料由美国波士顿大学分子生物相容学研究室研制提供;21只雌性健康山羊由安徽医科大学动物实验中心(皖医实动准字01号)提供,实验过程中动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法:取山羊15只,按4,8,12周3个时间点分为3组,位下颌角部手术制备30 mm×25 mm×10 mm的大型箱状缺损。采用自身配对设计,左侧置入支架材料为实验组,右侧空白对照为对照侧;剩余6只山羊为对照组,不手术。③观察指标:术后4,8,12周应用X射线片、组织学和放射性核素显像观察缺损区新骨形成情况;并测定骨密度;应用血液学检查及骨髓基质细胞体外复合细胞培养评价材料的生物相容性。结果:①一般观察:实验山羊无手术死亡,创口Ⅰ期愈合。②X射线片:实验侧有渐进性骨密度增高,阻射影逐级增强,对照侧呈透光阴影。③放射性核素显像:实验侧有较明显的核浓聚和再生血管化现象,对照侧无骨重建,故无骨代谢变化。④骨密度测量系数:实验侧呈递增式上升,对照侧维持较低水平,提示无自发性成骨。⑤组织学观察:实验侧呈时间递增性骨重建现象,在12周时新骨已完全形成并钙化基本完成,而对照侧直到12周仍无成骨现象。⑥生物相容性:各组的血常规、细胞形态、生化和相关酶学指标均在正常范围内。结论:无机活性元素骨组织工程支架材料有良好的成骨和再血管化功能,且生物相容性好,提示由该支架材料诱导的组织工程化骨构建有望成为临床骨组织大型缺损的替代材料。     

Life course dental caries determinants and predictors in children aged 12 years: a population-based birth cohort

Abstract – Objective: To investigate the main dental caries life course determinants and predictors of dental caries at age 12. Methods: This study was nested in a population‐based birth cohort started in 1993 in Pelotas, Brazil. A sample of 359 children was followed‐up. Dental examinations and interviews were performed at 6 and at 12 years old. Dental caries (DMFT) at 12 years old was the outcome. Exploratory variables included socioeconomic and demographic variables at birth, children’s nutritional and development characteristics, primary dental caries, oral health related behaviors and dental service use at age 6 and 12. Poisson regression was used in order to provide relative risk ratio estimates. Attributable risk or etiology fraction and population attributable risk for both main early life variables were calculated. Dental caries prediction (DMFT ≥ 1) at 12 years old was tested using logistic regression analyses. Results: Children who presented height‐for‐age deficit at 12 months (RR 1.50 CI: 95% = 1.03–2.18), children who showed a DMFT of 1–3 and 4–19 at 6 years (RR = 2.01; CI: 95% = 1.33–3.03, and RR = 2.66; CI: 95% = 1.81–2.53, respectively) and those children aged 12 in the highest tertile of proportion of teeth experiencing gingival bleeding (RR = 1.58; CI: 95% = 1.11–2.24) presented a higher level of dental caries at age 12. Attributable risk for dental caries at age 12 were 79.1% and 74.2% for deficit in height for age at 12 months and for primary dental caries at age 6 years respectively; population attributable risk for dental caries at age 12 were 3.1% for deficit in height for age at 12 months and 64.9% for primary dental caries at age 6. The level of accuracy in predicting dental caries at age 12 by using life course socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical data was modest. Conclusions: The results of this study support the hypothesis linking social, biological and behavioral exposures and dental caries at 12 years old. In addition, the findings reinforce the lack of accuracy of dental caries predictors therefore limiting the individuals high‐risk approach as a public health strategy.     

FS11.3Contact allergy to the sesquiterpene lactone calocephalin

Objective:  A possible contact allergy to herbal teas, in particular those derived from the Asteraceae plant family, was investigated in patients allergic to sesquiterpene lactones (SL).
Method:  Twenty patients with a contact allergy to SL were recalled and patch‐tested with aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of 8 different herbal teas based on Asteraceae plants as well as with parthenolide and other SL.
Results:  In 18/20 patients with SL allergy there were positive test reactions to the Asteraceae teas, mainly to those based on German chamomile, dandelion and milfoil. Among the SL, parthenolide was the most frequent co‐reactor.
Conclusion:  Most patients with a contact allergy to SL are allergic to commercial teas derived from the Asteraceae plant family as well.