Intimate partner violence (IPV) and preeclampsia among Peruvian women

OBJECTIVE: Mounting evidence supports the view that intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important cause of maternal mortality. Some, but not all, prior studies suggest that IPV is associated with increased risks of maternal medical conditions such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy which are leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide. We assessed the relation between IPV and risk of preeclampsia among Peruvian women. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case-control study at two large hospitals in Lima, Peru. Preeclampsia cases were 339 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and proteinuria (i.e., preeclampsia). Controls were 337 normotensive women. Information concerning women's exposure to physical and emotional violence during pregnancy was collected during in-person interviews conducted after delivery and while patients were in hospital. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of IPV was 43.1% among cases and 24.3% among controls. Compared with those reporting never exposure to IPV during pregnancy, women reporting any exposure had a 2.4-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.7-3.3). The association was strengthened slightly after adjusting for maternal age, parity and pre-pregnancy adiposity (OR=2.7; 95% CI: 1.9-3.9). Emotional abuse in the absence of physical violence was associated with a 3.2-fold (95% CI: 2.1-4.9) increased risk of preeclampsia. Emotional and physical abuse during pregnancy was associated with a 1.9-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (95% CI: 1.1-3.5). CONCLUSIONS: IPV among pregnant women is common and is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. These data support recent calls for coordinated global health efforts to prevent violence against women.     

中药材扑克牌式趣味学习卡的设计与应用

目的:为提高中医药教学水平提供借鉴。方法:通过品种选编、图片采集、知识整理、样品制作等,设计制作扑克牌式学习卡,将常用中药材的实物彩图与知识要点印制成扑克牌形式的趣味学习卡,作为《中药材》等课程教学用品,并在《中药材》课堂进行应用与测评。结果:学习卡共设计5辑,每辑含4副扑克牌式学习卡,分别为原植物彩图、药材彩图、中文知识要点、英文知识要点。初样在实际教学应用中效果较好,通过扑克游戏和趣味记忆让学生掌握知识。结论:中药材扑克牌式趣味学习卡设计美观大方,简便易用,知识性与趣味性强,寓教于乐,能有效地促进教学效果,是教学良好的辅助工具,在中医药教学中具有开创性和启发性。     

腰麻前预扩容在阑尾切除术中的临床应用

目的探讨腰麻前预扩容在阑尾切除术中的临床应用。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行阑尾切除术患者54例,分为腰麻(Ⅰ)组、扩容+腰麻(Ⅱ)组和硬膜外麻醉(Ⅲ)组,每组18例,Ⅱ组患者入室立即静脉快速输注羟乙基淀粉6mL/kg体重后开始进行腰麻,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组选择L2～3椎间隙向上注射0.5%布比卡因3mL,Ⅲ组选择T12～L1椎间隙向上置管后分次注射1.5%利多卡因直到满足手术要求。观察3组患者麻醉后5、10、15、20min和30min时的无创平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度SpO2、心率(HR)的变化、麻醉起效时间。结果 3组患者均顺利完成手术,Ⅲ组起效时间明显长于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血压变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅰ组在麻醉后5、10min血压下降明显(P<0.05),麻醉后5min心率升高明显(P<0.05),10min时恢复到麻醉前水平(P>0.05);其余各指标变化两组间差异无统计学意义。结论在腰麻醉前预扩容可显著稳定患者麻醉过程中的血流动力学变化。     

Prevalence of Chikungunya,Dengue and Zika viruses in blood donors: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBlood transfusion centres should understand the epidemiology of emerging diseases that are transmissible through the transfusion of blood components. The risk of transmission of arboviruses through this route has become apparent in recent years. The aim of our study is to summarise the reported prevalence (viraemic rate, seroprevalence and/or antigen detection) of Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses in blood donors according to screening test used and world region.Materials and methodsWe conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis having searched for information in the main bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus). The prevalence for each of the viruses was calculated according to the screening test used and geographic location.ResultsWe included 18 records on CHIKV, 71 on DENV, and 27 on ZIKV. The highest prevalences of RNA for CHIKV were 1.9% in Puerto Rico (2014), 1.0% in Thailand (2009), and 1.0% in French Polynesia (2014–15). The highest prevalences of RNA for DENV were 5.5% in Saudi Arabia (2015–16), 2.3% in Madeira, Portugal (2012–13), and 0.6% in Brazil (2012). The highest prevalences of RNA for ZIKV were 2.8% in French Polynesia (2013–14), 2.7% in Brazil (2015–16), and 1.8% in Martinique (2016). Overall seroprevalence, as assessed by IgG antibodies, was 21.6% for CHIKV, 24.0% for DENV, and 5.1% for ZIKV.DiscussionOur study shows a high proportion of donors who are viraemic and asymptomatic, especially during outbreaks, with prevalences surpassing 5% for DENV, 1% for CHIKV, and 2% for ZIKV. These data confirm a clear threat to blood transfusion safety. The elevated seroprevalence for these three arboviruses is also indicative of their wide circulation in populations, correlating with an increased risk of infected but asymptomatic donors. Health centres and institutions must address this threat, especially in tropical regions where the biggest outbreaks occur.     

适于磁共振成像研究房水循环兔模型的建立

目的:建立适宜于房水循环MRI研究的动物模型。方法:新西兰白兔12只,随机分为2组,每组6只;实验组前房注入Gd-DTPA,对照组注入等量生理盐水后30s、30min、1h行MRI检查。结果:实验组不同时间点前房信号不同,对照组前房信号无变化。结论:该模型适于MRI对房水循环研究。     

CIN患者HPV感染亚型特点及宫颈锥切术后HPV感染转阴相关因素的研究

目的探讨宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）患者人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染亚型特点,分析宫颈锥切术后HPV感染转阴的相关因素。方法选择本院接受两癌筛查HPV阳性的544例妇女为研究对象,回顾性分析HPV感染亚型分布特点,经病理确诊的CIN2和CIN3的患者采取宫颈锥切术治疗,探讨术后HPV感染转阴的相关因素。结果前3位感染亚型是HPV52型、HPV16型和HPV58型,分别占18.20%、13.05%和12.5%;宫颈锥切术后半年HPV转阴率为76.58%,单因素分析提示年龄、受教育程度、产次、病变程度、累及腺体和术后应用抗炎药与HPV转阴均无明显相关性,多因素分析提示术后性生活与HPV转阴存在相关性。结论 CIN患者以HPV52、HPV16型和HPV58型感染为主,宫颈锥切术治疗CIN效果明显,术后性生活可能是影响HPV感染转阴的相关因素。     

Opioid-based micro and nanoparticulate formulations: alternative approach on pain management

Context Opioids have been used as the reference treatment on chronic pain. However, they are related to serious adverse effects which affect the patient compliance to treatment, as well as, his quality of life. Particulate formulations have been investigated as an alternative to improve opioid efficacy and safety. Objective Summarise the available studies concerning micro and nanoencapsulated opioid formulations discussing their biopharmaceutical characteristics, such as composition, size, in vitro release, pharmacokinetic and antinociceptive profile. Methods Papers available in 1995–2015 at Medline, Science Direct and Web of Science databases were collected and assessed. Searches were performed using varied combinations of the keywords of this work. Results Opioid-loaded particles showed prolonged drug release with maintenance of serum therapeutic concentrations and extended analgesia when compared with the free drugs. The side effects incidences were reduced or maintained the same. Conclusion Particulate formulations can significantly increase both potency and safety profiles of opioids.