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991.
Manderscheid PA Bodkin RP Davidson BA Jensen E Russo TA Knight PR 《Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology》2004,11(4):742-751
The development of a nosocomial pneumonia is facilitated by alterations in host innate pulmonary antibacterial defenses following surgical trauma, which can result in decreased pulmonary bacterial clearance and increased morbidity and mortality. In a murine model of postoperative nosocomial infection, surgical stress (laparotomy) decreased Escherichia coli clearance from the lungs of animals that underwent surgery. Consistent with previous studies, (i) pulmonary levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha at 6 h and of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) at 24 h post-bacterial infection (PBI) were decreased in animals that underwent laparotomy 24 h prior to E. coli infection (LAP/E. coli) compared to animals that received E. coli only; (ii) KC and macrophage inhibitory protein 2 were elevated at 6 h PBI in LAP/E. coli animals compared to E. coli-only animals; however, at 24 h PBI, levels were higher in the E. coli-only group; (iii) at 24 h PBI, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was lower in the LAP/E. coli group compared to the E. coli-only group; (iv) IL-10 levels were unaffected at all time points evaluated; and (v) the total number of neutrophils present in the lungs of LAP/E. coli animals at 6 h PBI was decreased in comparison to that in E. coli-only animals, resulting in decreased bacterial clearance and increased mortality in LAP/E. coli animals by 24 h PBI. Similar changes in cytokine profiles, pulmonary bacterial clearance, and mortality were consistent with reported findings in patients following surgical trauma. This model, therefore, provides a clinically relevant system in which the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to the development of nosocomial pneumonia can be further explored. 相似文献
992.
The purpose is to incorporate clinically relevant factors such as patient-specific and dosimetric information as well as data from clinical trials in the decision-making process for the selection of prostate intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans. The approach is to incorporate the decision theoretic concept of an influence diagram into the solution of the multiobjective optimization inverse planning problem. A set of candidate IMRT plans was obtained by varying the importance factors for the planning target volume (PTV) and the organ-at-risk (OAR) in combination with simulated annealing to explore a large part of the solution space. The Pareto set for the PTV and OAR was analysed to demonstrate how the selection of the weighting factors influenced which part of the solution space was explored. An influence diagram based on a Bayesian network with 18 nodes was designed to model the decision process for plan selection. The model possessed nodes for clinical laboratory results, tumour grading, staging information, patient-specific information, dosimetric information, complications and survival statistics from clinical studies. A utility node was utilized for the decision-making process. The influence diagram successfully ranked the plans based on the available information. Sensitivity analyses were used to judge the reasonableness of the diagram and the results. In conclusion, influence diagrams lend themselves well to modelling the decision processes for IMRT plan selection. They provide an excellent means to incorporate the probabilistic nature of data and beliefs into one model. They also provide a means for introducing evidence-based medicine, in the form of results of clinical trials, into the decision-making process. 相似文献
993.
Although the effect of IL-15 has been described on murine cells in vitro and in vivo, its effect on human memory CD8(+) T cells is not well characterized. We show here that IL-15 preferentially enhances the activation and effector function of human effector-memory CD45RA(-)CD62L(-) and CD45RA(+)CD62L(-) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both healthy and HIV-infected individuals. We find that IL-15 increases 2- to 5-fold both the activation and secretion of the effector cytokines IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by anti-CD3-stimulated purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore, IL-15 potently inhibits CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of the effector-memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. These findings suggest that in addition to being a growth and survival factor for memory CD8(+) T cells, IL-15 is also a potent activator of human effector-memory CD8(+) T cells both in healthy and in HIV-infected individuals. 相似文献
994.
Publication Guidelines for Heart Rate Studies in Man 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Richard Jennings W. Keith Bberg J. Stanford Hutcheson Paul Obrist Stephen Porges Graham Turpin 《Psychophysiology》1981,18(3):226-231
Publication guidelines are provided for the collection, quantification, and analysis of heart rate data. 相似文献
995.
Grimstone SK Hodges PW 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2003,151(2):218-224
This study evaluated the degree to which the disturbance to posture from respiration is compensated for in healthy normals
and whether this is different in people with recurrent low back pain (LBP), and to compare the changes when respiratory demand
is increased. Angular displacement of the lumbar spine and hips, and motion of the centre of pressure (COP), were recorded
with high resolution and respiratory phase was recorded from ribcage motion. With subjects standing in a relaxed posture,
recordings were made during quiet breathing, while breathing with increased dead-space to induce hypercapnoea, and while subjects
voluntarily increased their respiration to match ribcage expansion that was induced in the hypercapnoea condition. The relationship
between respiration and the movement parameters was measured from the coherence between breathing and COP and angular motion
at the frequency of respiration, and from averages triggered from the respiratory data. Small angular changes in the lumbopelvic
and hip angles were evident at the frequency of respiration in both groups. However, in quiet standing, the LBP subjects had
a greater displacement of their COP that was associated with respiration than the control subjects. The LBP group had a trend
for less hip motion. There were no changes in the movement parameters when respiratory demand increased involuntarily via
hypercapnoea, but when respiration increased voluntarily, the amplitude of motion and the displacement of the COP increased
in both groups. The present data suggest that the postural compensation to respiration counteracts at least part of the disturbance
to posture caused by respiration and that this compensation may be less effective in people with LBP. 相似文献
996.
We report an autopsy case of a cardiomyopathy characterized by fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium and compare its clinical and histologic characteristics with those of the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. A 39-year old male died suddenly in a hospital room. He had an alcoholic cirrhosis with ascitis, but the clinical examination and the biology showed no abnormalities explaining the death. Histologically, in the right ventricle, large areas of cardiomyocytes were replaced by fat, but there was no fibrosis. In contrast, fibrosis is present in association with fat in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Fatty replacement of the right ventricle is likely to be a distinct entity. Right ventricular failure has been shown to be a possible complication. Sudden death is probably rare and is likely to occur when other arrhythmogenic factors are associated. 相似文献
997.
Paul McIntosh Andrew P. Southan Sobia Akhtar Christina Sidera Yuri Ushkaryov J. Oliver Dolly B. Robertson 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1997,435(1):43-54
We have examined the effects of co-expression of Kvβ1.1 and Kvβ2.1 subunits on the gating of rat brain Kv1.4 channels, expressed
in Xenopus oocytes. Expression of Kv1.4 subunits alone produced a rapidly inactivating ”A” type current, which activated at potentials
beyond –60 mV in a solution containing high levels of rubidium. Current activation curves obtained from tail current measurements
were fitted with a Boltzmann function, with V
1/2 = –47 mV and k = 10 mV. Neither the Kvβ1.1 nor Kvβ2.1 subunits altered the voltage dependence of activation. Both subunits accelerated the
activation time constant of Kv1.4, without affecting its voltage dependence. Surprisingly, the Kvβ2.1 subunit, which lacks
an N-terminal inactivation domain, was almost as effective as the Kvβ1.1 subunit in speeding up Kv1.4. Steady-state inactivation
of Kv1.4 was unchanged upon co-expression with either Kvβ1.1 or Kvβ2.1 subunits. Kv1.4 recovered from inactivation with two
time constants; apart from an ≈ 50% lengthening of the slow time constant with a high Kvβ2.1 injection ratio, neither time
constant was altered by either the Kvβ1.1 or Kvβ2.1 subunits, suggesting little interaction with recovery from C-type inactivation.
Clearly, β subunits have the potential to modify the gating of Kv1.4 channels in the brain more subtly than has been suggested
previously.
Received: 17 March 1997 / Accepted: 30 June 1997 相似文献
998.
C L Planche J M Fichelle J Paul C L Lethias R Elroy M Weiss 《Journal of biomedical materials research》1987,21(4):509-523
In 45 young dogs an enlargement angioplasty of the left pulmonary artery was performed using patches made from one of three autologous materials (jugular vein, unmodified pericardium, and glycerolized pericardium) or from two heterologous materials (lyophilized human dura mater and modified bovine carotid artery). Catheterization and angiographic studies performed 5 to 6 months after the operation showed that all patched vessels had remained patent, except in three dogs which had received heterologous implants. The animals were killed 5-24 months after operation (mean weight increase: 84%), and the implants were studied by optical microscopy and morphometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence with antidog Factor VIII rabbit antiserum. The two heterologous tissues exhibited limited biocompatibility, as estimated from 10 criteria obtained at histologic studies. Conversely, all three autologous biomaterials were characterized by infiltration of noninflammatory cells, near-complete endothelialization, and neosynthesis of structural proteins; infectious foci were very rare or absent. These results suggest that autologous tissues, although deendothelialized at the time of implantation, constitute the most suitable material for patch angioplasty, as far as endothelial triggering, cellularity and resistance to infection are concerned. 相似文献
999.
1000.
The relationships among a variety of cardiovascular and respiratory measures were examined in young college males subjected to a cold pressor task, reaction-time shock avoidance task, and three levels of graded exercise. As expected, the relationships between cardiovascular (e.g., heart rate and cardiac output) and respiratory (e.g., oxygen uptake and minute ventilation) variables were tightly linear when considering rest and exercise values. However, the range of individual cardiopulmonary responses during cold pressor and reaction time was considerable, often leading to disruptions in the cardiovascular/respiratory interactions. Analyses of extreme high and low ventilation reactors during both reaction time and cold pressor revealed that the excessive ventilation responders in cold pressor showed clear signs of hyperventilation. Increases in ventilation by the high reactors during reaction time were of smaller magnitude than during cold pressor, with potential hyperventilation much less clear. Increases in minute ventilation by reactors during the cold pressor task were primarily due to large increases in tidal volume, with only modest increases in respiratory rate. For reaction time, however, the increases in ventilation by reactive individuals stemmed from rate increases with tidal volume remaining essentially unchanged. 相似文献