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81.
Background: Although managed care organizations (MCOs) may be optimal settings for implementing tobacco use cessation clinical guidelines,
such guidelines remain poorly implemented in many MCO settings.Purpose: We examined issues related to the implementation of guidelines in MCOs, to provide examples of studies that have addressed
issues related to guideline implementation and to suggest ways behavioral medicine researchers can play a role in examining
issues of how guidelines can be better implemented.Methods: Surveys of clinical guideline implementation, studies from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation addressing tobacco use cessation
in a managed care database, selected to illustrate issues related to system-wide implementation.Results: Surveys show that effective tobacco use cessation interventions remain underutilized in MCOs. A few studies have evaluated
and shown the benefit of insurance coverage for tobacco use and dependence treatments, clinician reimbursement and leadership
incentives, practice feedback, and leveraging administrative data to create tobacco use tracking systems. The studies also
point to the need for large-scale, multidisciplinary, methodologically rigorous studies that allow one to isolate the effects
of promising strategies as well as to explore synergistic effects as different system changes are combined.Conclusions: Tobacco use cessation guidelines need to be better implemented in MCOs. Behavioral medicine research needs to move beyond
treatment efficacy and effectiveness studies to focus on rigorous evaluations of these and other strategies to enhance guideline
implementation and dissemination.
This research was supported by grants from the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (Taylor) and from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation (Taylor and Curry). 相似文献
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85.
Giedd Jay N.; Snell John W.; Lange Nicholas; Rajapakse Jagath C.; Casey B. J.; Kozuch Patricia L.; Vaituzis A. Catherine; Vauss Yolanda C.; Hamburger Susan D.; Kaysen Debra; Rapoport Judith L. 《Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)》1996,6(4):551-559
Brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 104 healthy childrenand adolescents, aged 418, showed significant effectsof age and gender on brain morphometry. Males had larger cerebral(9%) and cerebellar (8%) volumes (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.008.respectively), which remained significant even after correctionfor height and weight After adjusting for cerebral size, theputamen and globus pallidus remained larger in males, whilerelative caudate size was larger in females. Neither cerebralnor cerebellar volume changed significantly across this agerange. Lateral ventricular volume increased significantly inmales (trend for females), with males showing an increase inslope after age 11. In males only, caudate and putamen decreasedwith age (P = 0.007 and 0.05, respectively). The left lateralventricles and putamen were significantly greater than the rightP = 0.01 and 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, the cerebralhemispheres and caudate showed a highly consistent right greater-than-leftasymmetry (P < 0.0001 for both). All volumes demonstrateda high degree of variability. These findings highlight gender-specificmaturational changes of the developing brain and the need forlarge gender-matched samples in pediatric neuropsychiatric studies. 相似文献
86.
Critical care nurses, ethical decision-making and stress 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Considerable attention has focused on describing ethical issues that critical care nurses face in their practice; however, less attention has been directed at describing the process of ethical decision-making. Systematic research linking aspects of ethical-decision making and stress is lacking. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between selected aspects of ethical decision-making, stress and selected nurse characteristics. Sixty-one critical care nurses completed the Nurse's Ethical Decision Making—ICU Questionnaire and the Health Professions Stress Inventory. Findings revealed that nurses who selected the patient advocacy model had significantly higher nurse autonomy scores, that perceived anxiety had a negative association with nurse autonomy, and that workplace restrictions and stress were related. 相似文献
87.
In this study, ethnographic interviews were used to identify first-time fathers' experiences of the birth of their first child. Fourteen fathers were interviewed, and prenatal expectations of the experience are compared with the fathers' perceptions after the birth. Although the fathers expected to be treated as part of a laboring couple, they found that they were relegated to a supporting role. Initially the fathers were confident of their ability to support their wives, but they found that labor was more work than they had anticipated. They became fearful of the outcome, but hid these fears from their partners. Later, they found that their focus moved from their wives to their babies at the time of birth. The men all completed the experience with an enhanced respect for their wives. Fathers should be included in labor management plans and need support for their role as coach, particularly when their wives experience pain. They also need to be encouraged to eat and take a break from their wives' labor when appropriate. 相似文献
88.
Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) are thought to produce large changes in force production in the uterus. There have however, been no simultaneous measurements of pHi and force in the uterus and therefore no direct information is available about the relation between the two. We have used carboxy-SNARF (a pH-sensitive fluorophore) in small strips of longitudinal myometrium and obtained simultaneous measurements of pHi and force. SNARF did not alter contractile function, and continuous measurements of pHi could be made for 2 hours. The mean resting pHi (7.16) was similar to that reported previously. Application of weak bases rapidly raised pHi, in a concentration-dependent manner, followed by a gradual restoration of pHi to resting levels. Alkalinization greatly increased the frequency of contractions, often accompanied by a small increase in their amplitude. Removal of base produced a rebound acidification which transiently abolished contractions. Direct acidification of the cytoplasm, by application of weak acid, also abolished contractions. However the alkalinization which accompanied removal of acid, produced variable effects on force.Supported by the M.R.C. 相似文献
89.
Susan D. Ross M.D. Angela DiGeorge B.S. Janet E. Connelly B.S. Gregory W. Whiting B.S Neil McDonnell Pharm.D. 《Pharmacotherapy》1998,18(6):1290-1297
We performed a literature search for all clinical studies reporting outcomes in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) receiving granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for any indication. Safety outcomes included human immunodeficiency virus replication, immune status, and frequency of opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Data were synthesized qualitatively. We identified 22 studies (274 patients): 12 addressed AIDS neutropenia, 8 AIDS cancer therapy, and 2 opportunistic infections. Viral burden was assessed by serum p24Ag in 15 studies. Nine reported no change in levels, three net decreases, and three net increases. All studies showing net increases involved patients receiving GM-CSF without a concurrent antiretroviral. The CD4 counts were unchanged in 5 studies, increased in 3, and not reported in 14. The incidence of neoplasms or new opportunistic infections was low. The literature suggests no increased risk of viral replication or clinical deterioration in patients with AIDS who take GM-CSF concurrently with zidovudine. 相似文献
90.
Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis) is a rare, dominantly inherited condition which is characterised by the presence of warty papules and plaques on the trunk, scalp and flexures. Diagnostic nail changes are present in most patients. Suprabasal clefting, acantholysis and dyskeratosis are present in involved skin and the diagnosis may be confirmed by a skin biopsy. The disease never remits. Exacerbating factors such as heat, sweating and ultraviolet light should be avoided. Topical therapy with emollients, moderately potent corticosteroids and antimicrobials may provide some symptomatic relief, but have no effect on the progress of the disease. Oral retinoids are effective in most patients. Complications such as cutaneous infections, blistering and salivary gland obstruction may occur in some patients. 相似文献