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Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. New pneumococcal conjugate vaccines include 7 to 11 serotypes, which are the most common cause of paediatric disease in most parts of the world. The efficacy of a 7-valent conjugate vaccine was 97.4% (95% CI, 82.7-99.9) against invasive pneumococcal disease, and 57% (95% CI, 44-67) against otitis media, caused by vaccine serotypes. Evidence shows that the vaccine has the potential to prevent pneumonia. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination has also been shown to reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine serotypes (particularly serotypes associated with antibiotic resistance). Thus widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could substantially reduce the burden of invasive disease and would have the potential to control the global spread of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Conclusion: It is important that these highly effective vaccines should be made available to children in the developing countries. 相似文献
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Background: Third molar removal has been implicated as a precipitating event for temporomandibular joint disorders. The aim of this study was to determine what proportion of patients had pre‐existing pain and dysfunction that could be attributed to the temporomandibular joints. Methods: Sixty patients referred for third molar removal were clinically examined and a history of their presenting complaint recorded at the initial consultation visit. Patients were then diagnosed and categorized. Results: Of the total number of patients examined, 13.3 per cent showed signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction while a further 23.3 per cent also had symptomatic third molar teeth. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the signs of temporomandibular joint disorders are common in patients referred for third molar extractions. 相似文献
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Background: Accurate medical history information is essential for good patient care and should be notified in the letter of referral. The aim of this study was to investigate the subjective opinion that the medical information in a large number of referrals is either inaccurate or non‐existent. Methods: Medical histories from 54 patients with positive medical history findings upon taking the medical history at the initial consultation appointment were compared to the medical information supplied in the referral letter. Results: Overall, medical information was only 58.8% complete with dental referrals being 55.2% complete and medical referrals 62.4%. The majority of referral letters (70.4%) missed at least one relevant finding and only 29.6% of referrals were 100% complete. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the standard of referral letters needs to be improved as the received referrals were generally incomplete and contained inaccurate information. This highlights the need for each and every practitioner to take their own detailed medical history and not rely on the information supplied in the referral. 相似文献
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IG Araujo DC Trindade AS Mecawi Rafael Sonoda-Côrtes JPS Werneck-de-Castro RH Costa-e-Sousa LC Reis EL Olivares 《Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology》2009,36(8):803-809
- 1 Recently, we demonstrated that oral captopril treatment improved diastolic function and attenuated cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Considering the feasible role of the brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in heart failure, in the present study we investigated the role of the captopril injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the progression of cardiac dysfunction.
- 2 Male Wistar rats underwent experimental MI or sham operation. Infarcted animals received daily i.c.v. injections of captopril (approximately 200 mg/kg; MI + Cap) or saline (MI) from 11 to 18 days after infarction. Electro‐ and echocardiogram assessments were performed before and after i.c.v. treatment (10 and 18 days after MI, respectively). Water and hypertonic saline ingestion were determined daily between 12 and 16 days after MI.
- 3 Electrocardiograms from the MI and MI + Cap groups showed signs that resembled large MI before and after i.c.v. treatment. However, despite similar systolic dysfunction observed in both groups, only captopril‐treated rats exhibited reduced left ventricular (LV) dilatation and improved LV filling, as assessed by echocardiograms, and low levels of water ingestion compared with the saline‐treated control group.
- 4 The results of the present study suggest that the brain RAS may participate in the development of cardiac dysfunction induced by ischaemia and that inhibition of the brain RAS may provide a new strategy for the prevention of diastolic dysfunction.
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The effect of pineal indole hormone melatonin on colon carcinogenesis was
firstly studied in rats. Two-month-old outbred female LIO rats were weekly
exposed to 15 (experiment 1, groups 1 and 2) or to five (experiment 2,
groups 1 and 2) s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a single
dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight. From the day of the first injection of the
carcinogen DMH, the rats from groups 2 (experiments 1 and 2) were given
melatonin five days a week during the night-time (from 18:00 h to 8:00 h),
dissolved in tap water at 20 mg/l. The experiment was finalized in 6 months
after the first injection of DMH. In both experiments the majority of
tumors were localized in the descending colon. Tumors of the small
intestines developed only in rats from experiment 1. Total incidence of
colon tumors as well as tumors in different parts of the colon and the mean
number of tumors per rat were much higher in rats from both groups in
experiment 1 than that in rats from experiment 2. In experiment 1 melatonin
failed to influence the total incidence of colon tumors. However, incidence
of carcinomas in the ascending colon was significantly reduced (P <
0.01). The multiplicity of total colon tumors per rat, as well as the mean
number of tumors, ascending and descending colon per rat, was also
decreased under the influence of melatonin (group 2 vs group 1, P <
0.01). In the same experiment, melatonin slightly decreased the depth of
tumor invasion and increased number of highly differentiated colon
carcinomas induced by DMH. The percentage of small tumours in the
descending colon among rats from group 2 was higher than that of group 1.
Treatment with melatonin was also followed by a decrease in the
multiplicity of DMH- induced tumors of the duodenum (group 2 vs group 1, P
< 0.05) and by a decrease in the incidence of jejunum and ileum tumors
(group 2 vs group 1, P < 0.05). In experiment 2, the inhibitory effect
of melatonin on DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis was much more expressed
than that in experiment 1. Thus, in group 1 the incidence of total colon
tumors, ascending and descending colon tumors, was significantly decreased
in comparison with group 2; also melatonin reduced the number of tumors per
rat in the ascending and descending colon. The number of colon tumors that
invaded only mucosa was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1, P
< 0.05. The ratio of highly differentiated tumors was increased (P <
0.05) and the ratio of low-differentiated tumors was decreased (P <
0.05) in rats exposed to melatonin (group 4) as compared with group 3. The
number of large size tumors in the ascending and descending colon was
decreased whereas the number of small size tumors (<10 mm2) was
increased in those parts of the colon that were under the influence of
melatonin in experiment 2. Thus, our results demonstrate the inhibitory
effect of melatonin on intestinal carcinogenesis induced by DMH in rats.
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