全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5953篇 |
免费 | 660篇 |
国内免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 51篇 |
儿科学 | 247篇 |
妇产科学 | 143篇 |
基础医学 | 904篇 |
口腔科学 | 140篇 |
临床医学 | 664篇 |
内科学 | 1016篇 |
皮肤病学 | 93篇 |
神经病学 | 461篇 |
特种医学 | 314篇 |
外科学 | 890篇 |
综合类 | 143篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 556篇 |
眼科学 | 97篇 |
药学 | 467篇 |
中国医学 | 5篇 |
肿瘤学 | 452篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 49篇 |
2019年 | 65篇 |
2018年 | 113篇 |
2017年 | 100篇 |
2016年 | 104篇 |
2015年 | 140篇 |
2014年 | 183篇 |
2013年 | 251篇 |
2012年 | 272篇 |
2011年 | 220篇 |
2010年 | 191篇 |
2009年 | 180篇 |
2008年 | 186篇 |
2007年 | 239篇 |
2006年 | 227篇 |
2005年 | 197篇 |
2004年 | 193篇 |
2003年 | 173篇 |
2002年 | 165篇 |
2001年 | 188篇 |
2000年 | 176篇 |
1999年 | 140篇 |
1998年 | 162篇 |
1997年 | 149篇 |
1996年 | 170篇 |
1995年 | 113篇 |
1994年 | 123篇 |
1993年 | 93篇 |
1992年 | 153篇 |
1991年 | 142篇 |
1990年 | 123篇 |
1989年 | 155篇 |
1988年 | 141篇 |
1987年 | 117篇 |
1986年 | 94篇 |
1985年 | 100篇 |
1984年 | 78篇 |
1983年 | 49篇 |
1982年 | 53篇 |
1981年 | 44篇 |
1980年 | 49篇 |
1979年 | 52篇 |
1978年 | 56篇 |
1977年 | 50篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1975年 | 51篇 |
1974年 | 40篇 |
1973年 | 37篇 |
1971年 | 38篇 |
排序方式: 共有6645条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Suicidal behavior in bipolar mood disorder: clinical characteristics of attempters and nonattempters 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Oquendo MA Waternaux C Brodsky B Parsons B Haas GL Malone KM Mann JJ 《Journal of affective disorders》2000,59(2):107-117
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar Disorder is associated with a higher frequency of attempted suicide than most other psychiatric disorders. The reasons are unknown. This study compared bipolar subjects with a history of a suicide attempt to those without such a history, assessing suicidal behavior qualitatively and quantitatively, and examining possible demographic, psychopathologic and familial risk factors. METHODS: Patients (ages 18 to 75) with a DSM III-R Bipolar Disorder (n = 44) diagnosis determined by a structured interview for Axis I disorders were enrolled. Acute psychopathology, hopelessness, protective factors, and traits of aggression and impulsivity were measured. The number, method and degree of medical damage was assessed for suicide attempts, life-time. RESULTS: Bipolar suicide attempters had more life-time episodes of major depression, and twice as many were in a current depressive or mixed episode, compared to bipolar nonattempters. Attempters reported more suicidal ideation immediately prior to admission, and fewer reasons for living even when the most recent suicide attempt preceded the index hospitalization by more than six months. Attempters had more lifetime aggression and were more likely to be male. However, attempters did not differ from nonattempters on lifetime impulsivity. LIMITATIONS: The generalizability of the results is limited because this is a study of inpatients with a history of suicide attempts. Patients with Bipolar I and NOS Disorders were pooled and a larger sample is needed to look at differences. We could not assess psychopathology immediately prior to the suicide attempt because, only half of the suicide attempters had made attempts in the six months prior to admission. Patients with current comorbid substance abuse were excluded. No suicide completers were studied. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar subjects with a history of suicide attempt experience more episodes of depression, and react to them by having severe suicidal ideation. Their diathesis for acting on feelings of anger or suicidal ideation is suggested by a higher level of lifetime aggression and a pattern of repeated suicide attempts. 相似文献
82.
83.
Mating ability differences between flies of different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes have been assessed in the temperature range 15 to 29°C for laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster. Significant differences amongAdh genotypes were detected principally for the laboratory-adapted strains due to departures from random mating associated with heterozygote superiority at the relatively extreme temperature of 29°C, although mating ability differences could not be attributed directly to theAdh locus. The difference between the laboratory and the field populations can be explained by the effects of genetic back-ground manifested in the form of fitness differences, being enhanced for the laboratory-adapted flies as a consequence of the stress of laboratory culture. In contrast with larval survival and development time, laboratory and field flies do not differe appreciably in their overall abilities to obtain mates, which indicates that mating ability is a direct fitness character not greatly affected by laboratory culture. It follows that direct fitness traits are the least amenable to change under domestication. 相似文献
84.
Left and right, palmar and dorsal skin conductance levels (SCLs) were obtained from hospital controls, left hemisphere lesion Ss, right hemisphere lesion Ss, and diffuse or bilateral lesion Ss during several experimental conditions involving rest, passive auditory stimulation, motor reactions, and simple “perception”. The unilateral lesion groups generally displayed significantly higher palmar SCLs on the side contralateral to their lesion. Such “laterality” was not demonstrated in dorsal recordings or in the hospital controls or diffuse lesion group. These unilateral lesion groups had higher palmar SCLs during passive stimulation than during rest, motor, or perception phases. Results were discussed in terms of possible neural mechanisms underlying the phenomena. 相似文献
85.
Oligopeptidases of brush border membranes of rat small intestinal mucosal cells 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5 下载免费PDF全文
1. The properties of peptidases located in the brush borders of rat small intestinal mucosal cells have been investigated using a new method for the assay of peptidase activity. In this method amino acids produced by hydrolysis of peptides are oxidized by ophidian L-amino acid oxidase and the hydrogen peroxide produced during reoxidation of the reduced enzyme is estimated spectrophotometrically.2. 10-20% of the total cellular peptidase activity and 50% of the leucylnaphthylamidase (LNAase) activity were found to be tightly bound to the brush borders and to possess different substrate specificity from the supernatant peptidase activity.3. Evidence from kinetic and competition studies indicates the presence of more than one peptidase in the brush borders. The peptidases exhibit pH optima of 8.0-8.5, are inhibited by EDTA, but are not usually activated by divalent metal ions. The brush border peptidases hydrolyse di- and tripeptides, some oligopeptides, leucinamide and leucyl-beta-naphthylamine. On the basis of the Michaelis constants, these substrates differ in their affinities for the enzymes.4. It is proposed that the brush border peptidases serve an analogous function in the terminal stages of protein digestion to that of the disaccharidases in the case of carbohydrate digestion and absorption. 相似文献
86.
87.
Anderson RA; Wallace AM; Kicman AT; Wu FC 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1997,12(8):1657-1662
Administration of supraphysiological doses of testosterone to normal men
causes inhibition of spermatogenesis, but while most become azoospermic,
30-55% maintain a low rate of spermatogenesis. We have investigated whether
there are differences in endogenous androgen production, of testicular and
adrenal origin, which may be related to the degree of suppression of
spermatogenesis. Thirty-three healthy Caucasian men were given weekly i.m.
injections of 200 mg testosterone oenanthate (TE), 18 became azoospermic,
while 15 remained oligozoospermic. Urinary excretion of epitestosterone, a
specific testicular product, was reduced to <10% of pretreatment values,
with no differences between the groups. Similar results were obtained for
other markers of testicular steroidogenesis. Urinary and plasma adrenal
androgens were also reduced during TE treatment: a statistically
significant decrease in both (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively)
was seen in the azoospermic but not oligozoospermic responders. These
results suggest that testicular steroidogenesis is decreased to <10% by
the administration of supraphysiological doses of exogenous testosterone.
Differences in the degree of ongoing steroidogenesis in the testis do not
appear to account for incomplete suppression of spermatogenesis, thus
differences in androgen metabolism may underlie this heterogeneous
response. A small but significant reduction in secretion of adrenal
androgens was also detectable, the relevance of which is unclear.
相似文献
88.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and RNA sequences in HIV-1 antibody-positive blood donors in Uganda by the Roche AMPLICOR assay. 下载免费PDF全文
J B Jackson E M Piwowar J Parsons P Kataaha G Bihibwa J Onecan S Kabengera S D Kennedy A Butcher 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1997,35(4):873-876
The ability of commercially available PCR-based assays to accurately detect or quantitate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA or RNA in individuals predominantly infected with HIV-1 subtypes A and D is not known. Therefore, peripheral leukocytes from 43 individuals in Kampala, Uganda, positive for HIV by the Western blot (immunoblot) assay were tested by using the Roche AMPLICOR HIV-1 assay for the detection of DNA gag sequences. Plasma from these same individuals was tested by using the Roche HIV-1 AMPLICOR MONITOR HIV-1 assay for the quantitation of HIV-1 RNA gag sequences. In addition, peripheral leukocytes were tested for HIV-1 DNA by using a lower annealing temperature or a different primer pair for the HIV-1 pol region. The proportions of individuals with detectable HIV-1 DNA and RNA gag sequences by the Roche assays were 74 and 90%, respectively. The proportions positive for HIV-1 DNA sequences by using a 50 degrees C annealing temperature or the pol primer pair were 71 and 98%, respectively. In summary, the standard Roche assay did not detect HIV-1 DNA sequences in a significant number of HIV-1-infected individuals in Uganda. However, use of a pol primer pair increased the sensitivity of the assay to 98%. The sensitivity of the Roche AMPLICOR MONITOR assay for the detection and quantitation of HIV-1 RNA sequences was significantly higher than that of the DNA-based assay, but the efficiency of the assay, and hence, the accuracy of the values obtained with RNA, is not known. Modifications to existing assays are needed to enhance the sensitivities and accuracies of these commercially available assays for use in developing countries where non-B HIV-1 subtypes predominate. 相似文献
89.
Time course of hypo-osmotic swellings of human spermatozoa: evidence of ordered transition between swelling subtypes 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Hossain AM; Rizk B; Barik S; Huff C; Thorneycroft IH 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1998,13(6):1578-1583
The hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST or HOS test) usually takes into
consideration the total HOS response value with no emphasis either on the
value of the response subtypes or the response evaluation time. This study
investigated the time course of HOS responses and analysed their
physiological relevance. Raw semen spermatozoa and Percoll washed
spermatozoa were used in the experiment. The morphological changes in the
sperm tail were monitored by incubating the spermatozoa in the hypo-
osmotic solution for 16 different time periods. The HOS reactive
spermatozoa and the type of HOS reaction (swelling subtypes) of the samples
subjected to different duration of treatment were identified under a phase
contrast microscope. Also the fate of individual spermatozoa in a
hypo-osmotic environment were monitored for 30 min. In spermatozoa exposed
to a hypo-osmotic solution, the motility lasted usually less than 2 min and
motility characteristics were uniquely different from that of the
spermatozoa under iso-osmotic conditions. The HOS response development was
permanent but the motility loss due to hypo-osmotic shock was reversible up
to 1 min of incubation. There was an indication of ordered transition among
the HOS swelling subtypes apparently initiating with subtype b destined to
c, d, e, f and g. Further, the subtypes a and g showed gradual decrease and
increase, respectively, while subtype b showed abrupt initial increase and
then gradual decrease. Transition from b to g could be direct or via one or
more than one subtypes. Ultrastructure based analysis indicated that HOS
response subtypes are the apparent reflection of the differences in the
cytoskeletal assembly of the sperm tail and thus may be identifying
different physiological variants in the sperm population. These results
indicate that shorter incubation is essential to document the kinetics of
various HOS responses but the conventional HOS test misses these important
HOS features because of lengthy incubation. Since the time course of
ordered transition of HOS responses will vary more than the total HOS
response in semen of different aetiologies, the importance of HOS response
subtypes and response evaluation time should be taken into consideration
when applying HOS test.
相似文献
90.
The effect of ovarian steroids on epithelial ciliary beat frequency in the human Fallopian tube 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
Mahmood T; Saridogan E; Smutna S; Habib AM; Djahanbakhch O 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1998,13(11):2991-2994
Using a method that detects variations in light intensity we have studied
the effect of ovarian steroids on human Fallopian tube epithelial ciliary
beat frequency in vitro. We have found that baseline ciliary beat frequency
averages between 5-6 Hz. Cilia from ampullary segments of the Fallopian
tube beat significantly faster (5.4 Hz+/-0.2) than those from fimbrial
segments (4.8 Hz+/-0.2). There was no significant difference in baseline
ciliary beat frequency at any other anatomical site in the Fallopian tube.
Incubation with progesterone (10 micromol/l) suppresses human Fallopian
tube epithelial ciliary beat frequency by 40-50%. This inhibition was
observed at similar magnitudes in all Fallopian tubes studied irrespective
of anatomical site. Progesterone-induced reductions in ciliary beat
frequency were concentration dependent and prevented by the progesterone
receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486). Oestradiol alone (10 micromol/l)
had no effect on ciliary beat frequency at any anatomical site in the
Fallopian tube but did prevent the reduction in ciliary beat frequency seen
with progesterone when tissues were incubated with these two steroids
together.
相似文献