Lifestyle, parity, menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of gallbladder cancer.

Together with thyroid cancer, cancer of the gallbladder is the only non-sex hormone-related cancer displaying a female preponderance, with incidence being 3-4 times more common among women. We carried out this study to evaluate the role of menstrual, reproductive and lifestyle factors in gallbladder carcinogenesis. A case-control study involving 64 newly diagnosed cases of gallbladder cancer and 101 cases of cholelithiasis was carried out. A detailed menstrual and reproductive history was illustrated beside detailed lifestyle history, in particular consumption of betel nut, tobacco and alcohol and smoking, odds ratio was calculated. Mean age of the patients with cancer was 51+/-1.2 years while it was 40.9+/-1.2 years for gallstones; 69% of cancer patients and 90% of gallstones patients were females. More than half of the cancer patients (53%) and 43% of the gallstone patients were illiterate. A past history of typhoid was present in 22% of cancer patients and 13% of gallstone patients, while 35% of cancer and 25% of gallstone patients were chewers, 18.1 and 9.9% were smokers, and 10% of cancer and 2% of gallstone patients consumed alcohol. Mean age of menarche was 13.4+/-1.2 years among female patients with cancer while it was 14.0+/-1.4 years for gallstone patients. Higher age at menarche (>13 years, OR 2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-5.3), higher number of childbirths(>3 births, OR 3.92; 95% CI 1.4-10.3), higher number of pregnancies (>3 pregnancies, OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.8-23.4), and higher age at last childbirth (>25 years, OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.04-8.5) were found to have significantly higher risk of developing gallbladder cancer. In conclusion, tobacco chewing and smoking are associated with increased odds of gallbladder cancer. Similarly early menarche, late menopause, multiple pregnancies and childbirth increased the risk of gallbladder cancer.     

Radical aortic replacement employing simultaneous modified Bentall and elephant trunk procedure in Takayasu's arteritis

A case of Takayasu's arteritis resulting in extensive fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of the entire aorta extending from the aortic root to the abdominal bifurcation associated with aortic regurgitation is described. She underwent successful radical replacement of the aortic root, ascending, transverse arch and proximal part of the descending aorta employing simultaneous modified Bentall and Elephant trunk techniques. During aortic arch replacement the brain was protected by selective antegrade innominate perfusion under moderate hypothermia. A pattern to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported earlier.     

Misoprostol vs. oxytocin for induction of labor at term.

Efficacy of misoprostol was studied for induction of labor at term. Seventy patients were randomized to Group A (n = 36, oral misoprostol 50 microg four hourly to maximum of 5 doses) and B (n = 34, continuous oxytocin infusion). Induction-delivery interval was shorter with misoprostol (7.7 +/- 2.8 h against 14.3 +/- 4.8 h with oxytocin) but the rates of vaginal delivery, cesarean, neonatal outcome variables were similar. Hence, misoprostol is an effective agent for induction of labor at term.     

Pre-operative assessment of K-nail length in fracture shaft of femur.

Introduction: Internal fixation of diaphyseal fracture of shaft of femur in an adult by Kuntscher nail is the most common operative method of treatment in Nepal where operative facilities for the same exist. Since the complete range of K-nail sizes and length are not available in most operation theatres in Nepal, most orthopaedic surgeons assess the size and length of the K-nail pre-operatively by various methods and keep one size above and below the assessed length for the planned surgery. Materials and Methods: The following measurements were taken in five hundred people involved in the study: Measurement No. 1: Tip of the greater trochanter to lateral knee joint line minus 2cms. Measurement No. 2: Tip of the olecranon process to the tip of little finger, and Measurement No. 3: Tip of the greater trochanter to the upper pole of patella. An average of all three lengths were analysed to see if there were any differences in their mean lengths. Results: Analysis showed that there were significant differences between the mean lengths measured by the three different methods. The average length of measurement no: 2 was 3 cm longer than the average length of measurement no: 1, which is the reference pre-operative length of K.nail. Conclusion: However, in practice since measurement no:2 is more convenient to perform and can also be used when the patient has sustained bilateral fractures of femur, an accurate pre-operative K-nail length assessment can be done by subtracting 3 cm from measurement no:2, i.e. the tip of the olecranon process to the tip of the little finger.     

Water pollution and health.

Water is the important constituent of life support system. No one can live and even dream to live without water. Most of our water bodies have become polluted due to industrial growth; urbanization and man-made problems mainly the result of population growth. Poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water arising from human activity and natural phenomena create serious problems in human health. The chief sources of water pollution are sewage and other waste, industrial effluents, agricultural discharges and industrial wastes from chemical industries, fossils fuel plants and nuclear power plants. They create a larger problem of water pollution rendering water no longer fit for drinking, agriculture and, as well as for aquatic life. More than 2.6 billion people--40% of the world's population--lack basic sanitation facilities and over one billion people still use unsafe drinking water sources. As a result thousands of children die everyday from diarrhoea and other water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases and many suffer and are weakened by illness.     

Pre and postnatal diagnosis of fetus‐in‐fetu

Differentiation of abdominal masses detected on prenatal ultrasound is difficult and requires careful characterization of the mass and precise localization. Differentiation is required in order to distinguish benign from potentially malignant conditions. We describe a case of fetus‐in‐fetu with pre and postnatal imaging.     

Impaired anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in non-severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus: A preliminary report

Background and aimsPatients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often demonstrate impaired antibody response to influenza/hepatitis B vaccines. Hence, we compared anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in non-severe COVID-19 patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsRecords of non-severe COVID-19 patients admitted at our institution between April 10, 2020 and May 20, 2020 were retrieved. Qualitative detection of total (IgG + IgM) anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was performed using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in plasma samples collected at least 14 days post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation of diagnosis.ResultsThirty-one non-severe COVID-19 patients were included. Nine patients (29%) had T2DM with mean HbA_1c at admission of 8.3 ± 1.0%. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was estimated at a median of 16 (14–17) days post-PCR confirmation of COVID-19 diagnosis. Only three patients (10%) were seronegative, and all had T2DM. Patients with T2DM were more likely to have non-detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than those without DM (p = 0.019).ConclusionsCOVID-19 patients with T2DM may not undergo seroconversion even after two weeks of diagnosis. Impaired seroconversion could theoretically increase the risk of reinfections in patients with DM. However, the finding requires validation in large-scale studies involving serial estimations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with and without DM.