高度近视黄斑出血的吲哚青绿血管造影

目的:探讨高度近视性黄斑出血在吲哚青绿血管造影(in-docyaninegreenangiography,ICGA)中的特征。方法:对68例(69眼)高度近视性黄斑出血患者的ICGA图像回顾性分析。结果:ICGA显示该69眼(100%)均有呈线状低荧光表现的漆样裂纹,提示脉络膜毛细血管与Bruch膜组成的复合体破裂。在25眼未有脉络膜新生血管(choroidalneo-vascularization,CNV)生成的眼内(36%),ICGA后期像显示黄斑出血区域为圆形低荧光,其间有漆样裂纹。在44眼(64%)内,ICGA显示黄斑出血与CNV有关,而CNV均与漆样裂纹相连。结论:脉络膜毛细血管与Bruch膜组成的复合体破裂或CNV可造成高度近视性黄斑出血。ICGA是区别高度近视性黄斑出血原因的有效检查方法。     

色素上皮源性因子对缺血-再灌注视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的:研究色素上皮源性因子(pigment epithelium derived factor,PEDF)对高眼压诱导的大鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用.方法:经眼角膜进行前房平衡盐水(BSS)灌注,维持眼内压110 mmHg,以阻止视网膜正常血液灌注.60 min后取出灌注针头,恢复视网膜正常血流,从而建立大鼠视网膜缺血-再灌注模型.实验分为正常非缺血组和视网膜缺血-再灌注组,后者又分为生理盐水注射对照组和PEDF注射实验组,再灌注模型建立后立即向实验组大鼠玻璃体腔内注射0.2 g/L PEDF 2 μL.实验对照组用同样方法注射等量生理盐水.分别于注射后2 d和7 d进行眼球摘除,对视网膜进行光学显微镜形态学观察和Fas原位杂交免疫学分析,探讨PEDF对缺血-再灌注视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用.结果:缺血-再灌注2 d时生理盐水注射组和PEDF注射组视网膜神经节细胞明显少于正常对照组(P＜0.01)和(P＜0.05),PEDF注射组视网膜神经节细胞数较生理盐水注射组明显较多,相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05);视网膜神经节细胞计数再灌注7 d后结果与2 d时类似.再灌注2 d生理盐水注射组Fas阳性染色细胞比PEDF注射组明显较多(P＜0.05),生理盐水组比PEDF注射组阳性细胞百分率明显较高(P＜O.01);再灌注7 d时两组Fas阳性细胞计数无明显差异.结论:视网膜缺血-再灌注后即刻行玻璃体腔内PEDF注射可以改善视网膜神经节细胞的损伤并有一定保护作用.     

光动力疗法治疗脉络膜新生血管性疾病的初步临床观察

目的:观察使用维替泊芬光动力疗法(photodynamic thera-py,PDT)治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related maculardegeneration,AMD)、病理性近视和特发性脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)等3种主要的CNV相关疾病的临床效果。方法:对96例(109眼)经临床确诊的上述CNV患者进行PDT治疗,随访1～24(平均9.4)mo。采用最佳矫正视力、荧光素血管造影、吲哚青绿血管造影、光学相干断层成像等指标,观察治疗前后患者的视功能、CNV病灶大小及渗漏情况、以及视网膜水肿变化等,评价PDT治疗CNV的疗效。结果:本组病例包括AMD42例(54眼),病理性近视17例(18眼),特发性CNV患者37例(37眼)。AMD、病理性近视和特发性CNV的平均治疗次数分别为1.2,1.5和1.2次;视力稳定和提高者各组分别为83.3%,83.3%和86.5%;CNV渗漏停止或减少者各组分别为90.7%,83.3%和89.2%:视网膜水肿减轻者各组分别为77.8%,88.9%和86.5%。除3例AMD患者出现眼部严重不良反应外,未发现其他严重不良反应。结论:PDT可有效地改善或稳定AMD、病理性近视和特发性CNV患者的视功能,控制病变进展,近期随访结果安全有效。     

代谢平衡法与粪便监测法评价藏族成年男子膳食锌吸收率的比较

目的:比较代谢平衡法(MB)和粪便监测法(FM)评价藏族成年男子膳食锌(Zn)吸收率。方法:进行14d人体现场代谢试验,受试者于D5晚一次性口服浓集67Zn的稳定性同位素示踪剂4.0mg及稀土元素镱(Yb)1.0mg,口服卡红标记、并收集D4~12的粪便和尿液样品,同时收集膳食、饮水样品;用感耦等离子体质谱仪测定粪样67Zn/68Zn的比值,并用原子吸收分光光度计分析所收集样品中的锌含量,比较用两种方法测定该人群膳食Zn吸收率的结果。结果:MB和FM评价藏族成年男子膳食Zn吸收率分别为(23.8±3.9)%、(21.4±4.3)%,二者的差异(配对t检验)和相关性(Pearson)均有统计学意义;未吸收的Zn示踪剂和Yb经胃肠道排出情况几乎一致,主要在口服后5d内排出。结论:14d代谢试验评价膳食Zn吸收率时,MB略高于FM,后者的试验期可依据Yb的排出情况缩短至4~5d。两种方法评价的结果都表明藏族成年男子膳食Zn吸收尚可。     

Efficacy of dacomitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer carrying complex EGFR mutations: a real-world study

BackgroundDacomitinib is a first-line treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring common epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations; however, clinical evidence of its activity on NSCLC with complex EGFR mutations is limited.MethodsPatients harboring complex (common mutations co-existing with uncommon mutations), or common (comparison cohort) EGFR mutations, who were treated with dacomitinib, were retrospectively evaluated in the Chinese National Cancer Center and the China PLA hospital between August 2019 and August 2021.ResultsIn total, 72 patients with NSCLC harboring complex (C+U group, n=18) or common (C group, n=54) EGFR mutations and being treated with dacomitinib were enrolled. In the C+U group, 16 cases (88.9%) harbored L858R mutations co-existing with uncommon mutations located from exon 18 to exon 25 of EGFR (mostly E709X), and two cases harbored exon 19 deletion co-existing with G724S or K754E. Among the 15 evaluable patients, the objective response rate (ORR) was 40% (6/15), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 73.3% (11/15). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4–10.6 months]. Except for the application line of dacomitinib (P=0.039), no significant statistical differences were found in other characteristics and adverse events between the two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method revealed no significant differences in PFS (P=0.889) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.703). However, the stratified analysis found worse PFS in the C+U group than that observed in the C group when receiving 1^st and ≥3^rd line dacomitinib treatment, while its OS was worse than that of group C when receiving ≥3^rd line treatment. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, complex mutation status was an independent prognostic factor for OS (P=0.038) in the entire cohort.ConclusionsThis study indicated a worse response and prognosis of patients with NSCLC harboring complex EGFR mutations than those harboring common EGFR mutations when treated with dacomitinib. Further studies and data are needed to confirm this conclusion.     

基于核心胜任力的阶梯式评估反馈模式对神经科住院医师培训的思考

目前国内以胜任力为导向的人才培养模式尚处起步阶段，存在一些困难，如针对各个专
科统一的胜任力培养细则尚未完备、传统教育模式难以适应以胜任力为导向的教育模式、实际执行
过程中落地难等。作为独立二级学科，阶梯式评估反馈模式可能为神经科教学提供落地实施的方法。
建立以胜任力为导向的评价体系，为各年资住院医师设立要求指标，每年考核，不合格学员由带教
老师有针对性地反复强化培训、补考，直至达到标准。以胜任力为导向的阶梯式评估反馈模式，是
对神经科住院医师教学方法的一种初探，希望能够探索出一套临床可行的高效模式。     

脑干肿瘤外科干预的临床意义

目的探讨脑干肿瘤外科干预的临床意义及手术适应证、手术入路的选择及手术技巧。方法对11例经头部MRI诊断为脑干肿瘤患者采用不同的手术入路施行肿瘤切除。后正中入路5例,乙状窦后入路3例,乙状窦前入路2例,颞下入路1例。术后行适形放疗3例,替莫唑胺(TMZ)口服化疗3例,宁得朗(ACNU)+顺铂(DDP)化疗2例。结果其中全切4例(2例胶质瘤,2例海绵状血管瘤),近全切4例(2例胶质瘤,1例生殖细胞瘤,1例胆脂瘤),大部分切除2例(均是胶质瘤),活检1例(胶质瘤)。无手术死亡,除1例6个月死于肿瘤进展外其他患者均存活。结论脑干肿瘤的组织学类型及部位与手术切除程度密切相关,手术对脑干良性肿瘤及局限性分化良好胶质瘤效果满意,对一些恶性肿瘤可减少瘤体积,减轻症状,为下一步综合治疗创造机会。但对弥漫型生长的胶质瘤效果不佳,对术前已行放射治疗的脑干胶质瘤手术应慎重。对手术有残留的术后辅助放射治疗及化疗是有必要的。     

脑静脉窦血栓的磁共振表现及误漏诊分析

目的总结脑静脉窦血栓（CVST）的磁共振表现,并进行误漏诊分析. 资料与方法回顾性分析32例脑静脉窦血栓的磁共振表现.全部病例均进行MRI检查,其中17例同时行磁共振静脉成像（MRV）检查,12例行增强扫描,29例行CT检查.全部病例经DSA证实. 结果 32例CVST患者中,MRI SE序列扫描确诊26例,其中亚急性期病变20例,急性期4例,慢性期2例.6例急性期病变MRI平扫漏诊,其中4例经MRV确诊,2例经DSA诊断.急性期CVST MRI信号复杂,T1WI呈低、中等或稍高信号,T2WI呈明显低信号.亚急性期T1WI和T2WI均呈高信号,表现典型;慢性期血栓信号不断地降低.MRV表现为静脉窦闭塞或静脉窦内充盈缺损.本组病例中有7例曾被误诊为肿瘤、脑梗死等其他病变. 结论 MRI和MRV是诊断CVST的良好检查方法,可提供更多可靠信息.应用适当的检查技术,以及对MR征象进行认真分析,可避免误诊及漏诊.     

Renoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine on chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity

Objective To explore the renoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity in mice model. Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group [olive oil, 1 ml/kg subcutaneous injection (s.c)], NAC control group (olive oil, 1 ml/kg s.c plus NAC 150 mg•kg-1•d-1 in drinking water), model group [ICR mice maintained on a salt-depleted diet (0.05% sodium) plus CsA (30 mg•kg-1•d-1) for four weeks]; Treatment group [ICR mice maintained on a salt-depleted diet (0.05% sodium) plus CsA (30 mg•kg-1•d-1 s.c) and NAC (150 mg•kg-1•d-1 in drinking water). Basic parameters, histopathology, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the expression of Klotho and AKT-FoxO1 were studied. Results Compared with the normal control group, mice in model group showed deterioration in renal function [Scr (27.8±1.2) μmol/L vs (19.0±2.2) μmol/L, P＜0.01], development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, increased urinary 8-OHdG output [(41.2±16.8) ng/d vs (28.7±7.4) ng/d, P＜0.05], and decreased Klotho expression [(17.8±4.5)% vs (100.0±4.0)%, P＜0.01]. Concomitant administration of NAC significantly improved all above parameters (all P＜0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that Klotho expression was negatively correlated with urinary 8-OHdG excretion (r＝-0.934, P＜0.01) and AKT-FoxO1 expression （AKT: r＝-0.939, P＜0.01; FoxO1: r＝-0.919, P＜0.01). Conclusion NAC can attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity mice, which may be associated with the up-regulation of Klotho expression and the inhibition of AKT-FoxO1 signaling pathway.     

高山红景天多糖对小鼠的免疫调节作用

［目的］探讨高山红景天中提取的红景天多糖对正常小鼠的免疫调节作用．［方法］以溶血空斑 试验确定最佳用药剂量后,采用同位素法结合单克隆抗体在体内外检测体液免疫、细胞免疫及巨噬细胞 的吞噬功能．［结果］红景天多糖可明显增加小民特异的抗体分泌细胞数,在７５ ｍｇ ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）体内剂量下, 可增强迟发型超敏反应强度、异型小鼠的混合淋巴细胞反应及巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,降低白细胞介素２ 的活性,辅助性Ｔ细胞百分率及辅助性Ｔ细胞／抑制性Ｔ细胞比值亦降低．［结论］红景天多糖为很有 前途的免疫调节剂。