TWEAK, a multifunctional cytokine in kidney injury

Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a cytokine of the TNF superfamily that activates the Fn14 receptor. TWEAK may regulate cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation, and inflammation. TWEAK and Fn14 are constitutively present in the kidney. Sources of TWEAK and Fn14 include intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating leukocytes. Basal Fn14 expression is low, but Fn14 is greatly upregulated during kidney injury. TWEAK contributes to kidney inflammation promoting chemokine secretion by renal cells through canonical and non-canonical NFκB activation. TWEAK also promotes tubular cell proliferation. However, TWEAK induces mesangial and tubular cell apoptosis under proinflammatory conditions. These data indicate that TWEAK is a multifunctional cytokine in the kidney, the actions of which are modulated by the cell microenvironment. Confirmation of the role of TWEAK in kidney injury came from functional studies in experimental animal models. The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway contributed to cell death and interstitial inflammation during acute kidney injury, to glomerular injury in lupus nephritis, to hyperlipidemia-associated kidney injury, and to tubular cell hyperplasia following unilateral nephrectomy. Circulating soluble TWEAK (sTWEAK) levels are a potential biomarker of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease and urinary sTWEAK is a potential biomarker of lupus nephritis activity. The available evidence suggests that TWEAK may provide diagnostic information and be a therapeutic target in renal injury. Its role in human kidney disease should be further explored.     

Venous outflow obstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation: use of a breast implant to maintain graft position

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a rare complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) usually related to technical issues or to malposition or kinking of the hepatic graft. When HVOO is diagnosed during the early post-transplant period, surgical options are technically very demanding and outcomes discouraging. Therefore, angioplasty and stent placement have been indicated to avoid a chronic lesion of the graft. Three cases of HVOO after OLT are reported. HVOO was diagnosed during the early post-transplant period and was due to graft malposition in two patients and kinking of the vena cava anastomosis in one. All patients were successfully treated with a 300-cc gel-filled breast implant surgically placed in the right hepatic fossa with the liver graft resting on it. Massive ascites in all three patients disappeared and renal impairment resolved within two wk post-implant placement. No prosthesis-related complications have been observed after a follow-up ranging from 30 to 58 months. We describe a simple and effective method of maintaining the liver graft in an adequate position to achieve prolonged relief of the outflow obstruction for the whole graft and discuss the advantages of a breast implant over stent placement or the use of different balloon catheters.     

改良面神经额支的体表定位

目的:通过改良的方法对面神经的额支进行体表定位,为临床手术提供更加适用的寻找面神经额支的方法.方法:对20侧防腐成人头部标本进行大体和显微解剖,测量在耳轮上点与外眦上点的连线上和耳屏上切迹点与外眦点的连线上,面神经的额支所经过的相对位置.结果:额支在耳轮上点-外眦上点的连线后段(3/10～4/5)±1/10的范围内跨过,在耳屏上切迹点-外眦点的连线后段(1/5-1/2)±1/9的范围内跨过.结论:面神经额支在两条标志线的特定区域跨过,手术中,切口应避开该危险区域.     

肱骨干骨不连固定方法进展

骨不连是肱骨干骨折后常见并发症之一,发生率因治疗方法不同而异.固定不稳和骨折端分离可能是引起肱骨干骨不连的主要原因.手术是目前治疗肱骨干骨不连的首选方法.常用的固定方法如钢板、髓内钉和外固定支架在治疗肱骨干骨不连上何者更具优越性,尚存在争议.钢板固定治疗骨不连愈合率高,肩痛发生率低.髓内钉固定可减少软组织剥离,降低桡神经损伤和感染危险.对初次髓内钉固定失败患者,钢板更有优越性,单纯更换髓内钉治疗几乎没有效果.Ilizarov外固定技术可用于节段性骨缺损、感染、畸形和多次治疗失败的骨不连病例.必须依据个体化原则选择手术方案,尽可能避免潜在风险.     

保守治疗掌侧Barton骨折的临床探讨

目的：探讨保守治疗掌侧Barton骨折的指征和预后。方法：保守治疗23例掌侧Barton骨折患者,其中男8例,女15例;年龄16～84岁,平均52.2岁;骨折不伴桡腕关节掌侧半脱位7例,伴桡腕关节掌侧半脱位16例（Mehara Ⅰ型15例,Mehara Ⅲ型1例）。并对32具新鲜尸体标本进行实验,推断在掌侧Barton骨折的损伤机制中,桡腕关节背侧韧带损伤是产生桡腕关节向掌侧半脱位的重要原因。应用Pattee和Thompson的评价标准对治疗效果进行评价。结果：进行7～70个月随访,11例疗效满意（优1例、良10例）,12例不满意（中5例、差7例）。7例骨折不伴桡腕关节掌侧半脱位病例中,5例治疗结果满意;16例伴桡腕关节掌侧半脱位病例中,6例治疗结果满意。结论∶①复位结果影响掌侧Barton骨折的预后,复位后桡腕关节面移位应小于2mm。②不伴桡腕关节向掌侧半脱位,建议保守治疗。③伴有桡腕关节向掌侧半脱位,保守治疗预后欠佳,可试行手法整复、石膏外固定,如不能达到桡腕关节面移位小于2mm的标准,就应采取手术方法治疗。     

经皮氧分压监测在急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗中的应用

目的 观察经皮氧分压(PtcO2)在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中的变化特点,了解其在ARDS治疗中的作用.方法 采用经皮氧分压监测仪对49例ARDS患者实施连续动态监测PtcO2,记录通气前和通气后4、8、16、24 hPtcO2值,同期抽取动脉血检测PaO2、SaO2,记录心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP).并比较存活组与死亡组不同时间PtcO2的差异.结果 SaO2、HR、MAP随时间变化的程度不明显(均P＞0.05),PtcO2和PaO2随时间变化显著(均P＜0.05);存活组(35例)与死亡组(14例)PtcO2比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 PtcO2监测对ARDS治疗能提供连续、可靠的指导作用,PtcO2早期的变化对判断预后有一定帮助.     

武汉地区1359例骨密度测定及骨质疏松患病率分析

目的 分析武汉地区人群骨密度（BMD）变化规律及骨质疏松（OP）患病率。方法 使用美国Hologic公司双能X线骨密度仪对武汉地区2－91岁的居民1359人进行L1－4和髋部BMD测定,然后进行比较和统计分析。结果 男性腰椎骨峰值在30－34岁年龄段,女性在35－39岁;男、女性髋部骨峰值均在30－34岁。峰值后随年龄增长BMD逐渐下降,女性在50岁后可见明显的骨质丢失加速,而男性丢失是逐渐和缓慢的。武汉地区50－79岁人群骨质疏松症发病率男性为37．8％,女性为67．3％。结论 骨质疏松研究的重点在中老年妇女,但对于男性也不可忽视;骨质疏松的预防应从青少年开始。     

腺病毒介导的双自杀基因对直肠癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的 探讨直肠癌的基因治疗方法。方法 用重组腺病毒介导外源胞嘧啶脱氨酶（CD）基因、单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶（HSV－tk）基因转移到人直肠癌细胞系HR－8348,通过细胞集落形成实验、细胞存活率测定（MTT法）,检测、分析CD和HSV－tk双自杀基因系统对肿瘤细胞的作用。结果 重组腺病毒介导的CD和HSV－tk自杀基因可在HR－8348细胞高效表达。用腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdCMV-Linkl(CD tk)、Linkl(-)、pAdCMV-Linkl(CD)、pAdCMV-Kinkl(tk）重组腺病毒感染HR－8348细胞,不加5－氟胞嘧啶（5－FC）、环氧鸟苷（GCV）,各组肿瘤细胞的集落形成和存活率的差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。应用5－FC、GCV后,pAdCMV-Linkl(CD tk)转染组细胞集落形成和存活率显著低于对照组pAdCMV-Link（－）转染组（P＜0．01）,也低于pAdCMV-Linkl(CD)、pAdCMV-Linkl(tk）转染组（P＜0．05）。CD和5－FC、HSV－tk和GCV系统联合使用较单一自杀基因系统对HR－8348直肠癌细胞的集落形成、细胞生长有更显著的抑制作用,对肿瘤细胞有更强的杀伤能力和“旁观者效应”。结论 CD和HSV－tk双自杀基因联合作为肿瘤基因治疗的一种手段和方法,较单一自杀基因具有更强的抗肿瘤作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶-3和其组织抑制剂-1在椎间盘中的表达及其意义

目的：检测突出和非突出椎间盘中是否有基质金属蛋白酶－3（MMP3）及其组织抑制剂－1（TIMP）的表达,了解椎间盘退变和突出的发病机制。方法：采用ABC免疫组化方法,测定60例突出椎间盘标本（分为凸出型,脱出型,游离型）和16例非突出椎间盘标本内MMP3和TIMP1的表达情况,结果：突出椎间盘中的MMP3比非突出椎间盘的多,其差异有显著性意义。脱出型及游型内的MMP3比突出型的多,其差异有显著性意义。脱出突型及游离型内的MMP3无显著性差异,非突出椎间盘和凸出型椎间盘内TIMP1为阴性,脱出型和游离内TIMP1为阳性,但无显著性差异,结论：MMP3和TIMP1的不平衡表达也许是椎间盘退变的因素,椎间盘退变程度的差异可能是椎间盘突出症临床分型的基础。     

FasL基因表达对缺氧状态下直肠癌细胞增殖凋亡的影响

Objective To elucidate the effect of FasL gene expression on the proliferation and apoptosis of hypoxic rectal carcinoma cells. Methods The normoxic expression level of FasL in HR-8348 subtype cells (HR-8348B, HR-8348L, HR-8348F and HR-8348As) with different invasive power were verified by Western blot. Hypoxia models for HR-8348B, HR-8348L, HR-8348F and HR-8348As were constructed with chemical modeling, then the FasL levels in all groups at 12 h after hypoxia were quantitated by Western blot. Distribution of different cell life cycles was determined with flow cytometry. Cell reproductive activities were detected with MTT method, and cell apoptesis was assessed with TUNEL. Results FasL protein was pigmentized at the position of 40 000 by Western blot, and the expression level of FasL was significantly higher in HR-8348F cells than those in HR-8348B, HR-8348L and HR-8348As cells(F=361.149, P<0.01) in normoxia. At 12 h after hypoxia, the FasL level was also significantly higher in HR-8348F cells than those in other groups (F=278.766, P<0.01), but was not markedly different as compared to themselves in normoxia (t=1.762, P>0.05). The proliferation index was significantly higher in HR-8348F (60.43±3.72) than those in HR-8348B (40.01±3.30), HR-8348L (41.30±4.06) and HR-8348As cells (35.87±4.39), respectively (F=39.477, P<0.01). However, both inhibition rate of proliferation and apoptotic index were remarkably lower in HR-8348F (17.30±1.98 and 13.10±1.04) than those in HR-834B (33.70±4.33 and 21.60±1.31), HR-8348L (34.20±3.92 and 20.10±1.15), and HR-8348As (38.00±4.55 and 23.90±1.23), respectively (F=28.811 and 76.462, respectively, P<0.01). Conclusion The expression enhancement of intracellular FasL in rectal carcinoma in hypoxia can lead to accelerated proliferation and reduced apeptosis of cells, which will promote tumor cells to adapt microenvironmental hypoxia.