Gender-specific change in leptin concentrations during long-term CPAP therapy

Purpose

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) alleviates sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), but part of OSAS patients keep gaining weight. Leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) interact with energy balance, and CPAP therapy has been suggested to influence these endocrine factors. We hypothesised that leptin would decrease during long-term CPAP therapy, and weight gain would associate with OSAS severity, lower CPAP adherence, lower IGF-1, and leptin concentrations.

Methods

Consecutive patients (n?=?223) referred to sleep study with suspected OSAS were enrolled. Patients underwent cardiorespiratory polygraphy at baseline. Questionnaires were completed, and blood samples were drawn both at baseline and after 3 years. A total of 149 (67%; M 65, F 84) patients completed the follow-up. Plasma samples were available from 114 patients, 109 of which with CPAP adherence data (49 CPAP users, 60 non-users).

Results

At baseline, the CPAP users were more obese and had more severe OSAS than the non-users. Leptin concentrations did not differ. After follow-up, leptin concentrations were higher in CPAP users (30.2 ng/ml vs. 16.8 ng/ml; p?=?0.001). In regression analysis, increase in leptin concentrations was independent of age, baseline body mass index (BMI), or the change in BMI. Leptin concentrations increased among females (??8.9 vs. 12.7 ng/ml; p?<?0.001); whereas in men, CPAP did not have an effect, if not opposed the natural decrease in leptin observed in men not using CPAP. Change in IGF-1 levels did not differ.

Conclusions

Our results suggest increase in leptin concentrations during long-term CPAP therapy among females.

     

Arterial pulse wave velocity in relation to carotid intima-media thickness, brachial flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery distensibility: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and the Health 2000 Survey

ObjectiveIncreased arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality. The data regarding the relationships between PWV and other indices of vascular damage is limited and partly controversial. We conducted the present study to examine PWV in relation to non-invasive measures of early atherosclerosis (brachial flow-mediated dilation [FMD], carotid intima-media thickness [IMT]) and local arterial stiffness (carotid artery distensibility [Cdist]).MethodsThe study population consisted of 1754 young adults (aged 30–45 years, 45.5% males) participating in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS), and of 336 older adults (aged 46–76 years, 43.2% males) participating in the Health 2000 Survey. FMD was measured only in the YFS cohort. FMD, IMT and Cdist were assessed by ultrasound, and PWV was measured using the whole-body impedance cardiography device.ResultsIn young adults, FMD and IMT were not associated with PWV independently of cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, FMD status was not found to modulate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and PWV. In older adults, PWV and IMT were directly and independently associated (β = 1.233, p = 0.019). In both cohorts, PWV was inversely related with Cdist, and this relation remained significant (p < 0.04) in models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that PWV reflects a different aspect of vascular damage than FMD or IMT in young adults, whereas in older adults the information provided by PWV and IMT may be, to some extent, similar as regards subclinical vascular damage. The present observations also suggest that PWV and Cdist represent, at least in part, a similar adverse vascular wall process.     

Plasminogen activator inhitor-1 associates with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy young adults in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

AimsHypofibrinolysis displayed by elevated serum plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) level has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance. However, no studies have examined associations between PAI-1 and CVD risk factors in healthy subjects. We examined associations between serum PAI-1, ultrasound markers of atherosclerosis and CVD risk factors and whether PAI-1 improves prediction of atherosclerosis over known risk factors in a cohort of asymptomatic adults.MethodsWe analyzed PAI-1 and CVD risk factors and assessed carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), distensibility (CDist) and the presence of a carotid atherosclerotic plaque and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) ultrasonographically for 2202 adults (993 men and 1,209 women, aged 30–45 years) participating in the ongoing longitudinal cohort study, The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. High cIMT was defined as >90th percentile and/or carotid plaque and low CDist and low FMD as <20th percentile.ResultsIn bivariate analyses, PAI-1 correlated directly with cIMT and the risk factors: blood pressure, BMI, waist and hip circumference, alcohol use, total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity CRP and glucose (all P < 0.005). PAI-1 was higher in men and increased with age. Inverse correlation was observed with CDist, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in both sexes, with testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin in men and with creatinine and oral contraceptive use in women (P < 0.005). Independent direct associations were observed between PAI-1 and waist circumference, serum triglycerides, insulin, alcohol use and age and inverse with serum creatinine, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. PAI-1 did not improve estimation of high cIMT, low CDist and low FMD over conventional risk factors (P for difference in area under curve ≥ 0.37).ConclusionPAI-1 was independently associated with several known CVD risk factors, especially obesity markers, in both men and women. However, addition of PAI-1 to known risk factors did not improve cross-sectional prediction of high cIMT, low CDist and low FMD suggesting that PAI-1 is not a clinically important biomarker in early atherosclerosis.     

Reversible switching between superhydrophobic states on a hierarchically structured surface

Nature offers exciting examples for functional wetting properties based on superhydrophobicity, such as the self-cleaning surfaces on plant leaves and trapped air on immersed insect surfaces allowing underwater breathing. They inspire biomimetic approaches in science and technology. Superhydrophobicity relies on the Cassie wetting state where air is trapped within the surface topography. Pressure can trigger an irreversible transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state with no trapped air--this transition is usually detrimental for nonwetting functionality and is to be avoided. Here we present a new type of reversible, localized and instantaneous transition between two Cassie wetting states, enabled by two-level (dual-scale) topography of a superhydrophobic surface, that allows writing, erasing, rewriting and storing of optically displayed information in plastrons related to different length scales.     

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of quetiapine fumarate XR in very heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent patients

Background: Despite advances in developing medications to treat alcohol dependence, few such medications have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Identified molecular targets are encouraging and can lead to the development and testing of new compounds. Atypical antipsychotic medications have been explored with varying results. Prior research suggests that the antipsychotic quetiapine may be beneficial in an alcohol‐dependent population of very heavy drinkers. Methods: In this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 224 alcohol‐dependent patients who reported very heavy drinking were recruited across 5 clinical sites. Patients received either quetiapine or placebo and Medical Management behavioral intervention. Patients were stratified on gender, clinical site, and reduction in drinking prior to randomization. Results: No differences between the quetiapine and placebo groups were detected in the primary outcome, percentage heavy‐drinking days, or other drinking outcomes. Quetiapine significantly reduced depressive symptoms and improved sleep but had no effect on other nondrinking outcomes. Results from a subgroup analysis suggest that patients who reduced their drinking prior to randomization had significantly better drinking outcomes during the maintenance phase (p < 0.0001). No significant interactions, however, were observed between reducer status and treatment group. Finally, quetiapine was generally well tolerated. Statistically significant adverse events that were more common with quetiapine versus placebo include dizziness (14 vs. 4%), dry mouth (32 vs. 9%), dyspepsia (13 vs. 2%), increased appetite (11 vs. 1%), sedation (15 vs. 3%), and somnolence (34 vs. 9%). Conclusions: This multisite clinical trial showed no efficacy for quetiapine compared with placebo at reducing alcohol consumption in heavy‐drinking alcohol‐dependent patients.