Bifocal control of myopia.

Forty-three native American bifocal wearers grouped by yearly age levels from 9 to 15 with a mixed group of 6 to 8 year olds are matched on beginning age, sex, beginning refractive error and ending age with 83 Native American control subjects. Similarly 226 Caucasian bifocal wearers are matched on the same criteria against 192 control subjects. Although the comparisons are made on each age group, the average annual rate of progression for the bifocal Native American subjects is -0.12 and -0.10 diopters in the right and left eyes respectively against a comparable rate of progression of -0.38 and -0.36 diopters for the control subjects. These differences are significant but not as significant as those found on the Causcasian subjects of -0.02 and -0.03 diopters right and left eyes against -0.53 and -0.52 diopters for the controls.     

The laparoscopic nephrectomy learning curve: a single centre's development of a de novo practice

Objective: There has been a dramatic increase in the interest and practice of laparoscopic urology, with nephrectomy having become the commonest laparoscopic urological procedure. Compared with open nephrectomy, it results in reduced morbidity and shorter convalescence times while maintaining oncological safety. However, while these results predominately stem from institutions with well developed laparoscopic programmes, little is known about the results in centres that have newly adopted this technique. The introduction of a laparoscopic urological service at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital provided an opportunity to study these factors. Methods: Since the appointment in October 2000 of a urological surgeon (N Oakley) to develop the laparoscopic service, there have been over 200 laparoscopic procedures including 121 nephrectomies performed at this centre. Full details were collected for each of these cases, and in addition, compared with retrospective data for 50 open nephrectomies performed during the same time period. Results: With increased operator experience the median operative duration, complication, transfusion, and conversion rates significantly improved. While a learning curve was evident, the overall operative complication (9%) and conversion rates (6%) were low, in addition to patient morbidity (16.5%) and mortality (0%) rates, showing that this learning curve had no deleterious effects upon patient care. The median hospital stay was four days, which reduced to three with experience and was significantly shorter than for open nephrectomy at this institution (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The development of a successful laparoscopic programme can be achieved with a comparatively short learning curve and without detriment to the patient provided the necessary steps are observed.     

The Biliopancreatic Diversion with the Duodenal Switch: Results Beyond 10 Years

The BPD/DS, if properly performed, has the best long-term weight loss of any bariatric operation. It is easy to reverse or revise, has the least marginal ulcers, cures the highest percentage of co-morbidities, has the least failures, and permits normal although smaller meals. It is our opinion that the BPD/DS should be considered as the gold standard bariatric operation.     

Positive and negative depression coping in low-income African American women

The purpose of the study was to examine positive and negative depression coping (DC) in low-income African American women. Because low-income African American women have been shown to be vulnerable to depression symptom onset yet less accepting of treatment, DC in this population is of interest to researchers. Depression symptom severity, defense mechanisms, difficult life circumstances (DLC), and social support were examined as possible determinants of DC. In 244 mildly or moderately to severely depressed women, mature defense mechanisms predicted positive DC, and DLC predicted negative DC. Social support had no effect on positive or negative DC. Findings are discussed in terms of individual and community tailored rehabilitative psychotherapy to promote positive DC.