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61.
Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
Context Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer mortality in US men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), specifically surgical or medical castration, is the first line of treatment against advanced prostate cancer and is also used as an adjuvant to local treatment of high-risk disease. Objective To review systematically the evidence on the risks and benefits of ADT for prostate cancer as well as clinical management of its adverse effects. Evidence Acquisition We performed MEDLINE searches of English-language literature (1966 to March 2005) using the terms androgen deprivation therapy, hormone treatment, and prostate cancer. We reviewed bibliographies of literature to extract other relevant articles. Studies were selected based on clinical pertinence, with an emphasis on controlled study design. Evidence Synthesis Androgen deprivation therapy is effective for palliation in many patients with advanced prostate cancer and improves outcomes for high-risk patients treated with radiation therapy for localized disease. Although patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen levels after local treatment without metastatic disease frequently undergo ADT, the benefits of this strategy are not clear. Adverse effects of ADT include decreased libido, impotence, hot flashes, osteopenia with increased fracture risk, metabolic alterations, and changes in cognition and mood. Conclusions Androgen deprivation therapy has clear roles in the management of advanced prostate cancer and high-risk localized disease. The benefits of ADT in other settings need to be weighed carefully against substantial risks and adverse effects on quality of life. 相似文献
62.
A six-year study on Vibrio cholerae in southeastern Iran 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cholera continues to be an important public health problem among many poorer communities. In order to determine the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in southeastern Iran, 3,594 patients with watery diarrhea, who were referred to the hospitals from Zabol city and 45 neighboring rural populations of Sistan-Blouchestan province, were investigated over a period of 6 years (1997 - 2002). V. cholerae strains were isolated from 362 samples (10.07%). Isolation of V. cholerae in this sample decreased from 22.47% in 1997 to 0% in 2002. Individuals of all ages and social and economic strata were affected. Among the patients with cholera in the present study, only 24 (6.6%) lived in an urban area; 270 (74.6%) of the patients had been referred from rural areas, and the remaining 68 (18.8%) were from neighboring Afghanistan. V. cholerae O1 Ogawa and NAG vibrios were found in 92.8 and 7.2% of patients, respectively. Among the 362 samples, 244 were collected from inpatients and 118 were from outpatients. Twelve of these patients died because of the severity of their disease, severe dehydration and electrolytes imbalance. The priorities for cholera control remain public health interventions through improved water and sanitation, improved surveillance and access to health care facilities, and further development of appropriate vaccines. 相似文献
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Brain metastasis from esophageal carcinoma is rare. In our center, among 301 cases of esophageal cancer referred for radiotherapy during a 14-year period, brain metastasis from esophageal carcinoma was detected in one case. An unusual case of esophageal carcinoma that presented with brain metastasis is reported. 相似文献
66.
Willoughby CE Chan LL Herd S Billingsley G Noordeh N Levin AV Buys Y Trope G Sarfarazi M Héon E 《Investigative ophthalmology & visual science》2004,45(9):3122-3130
PURPOSE: Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) differs from primary open-angle glaucoma in that it is usually a more severe phenotype and has an earlier age of onset. Optineurin was recently associated with a variant of POAG that is characterized by intraocular pressure within normal limits: normal-tension glaucoma. The present study tested whether OPTN sequence changes play a role in early-onset glaucoma characterized by elevated intraocular pressure. METHODS: Sixty-six patients with JOAG characterized by high intraocular pressure were screened for mutations. Mutational analysis was performed with a combination of restriction enzyme digestion, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and direct sequencing. The effects of select changes on exon splicing were assessed using bioinformatic modeling approaches and RT-PCR. RESULTS: Ten sequence changes were identified, of which H486R was strongly suggestive of pathogenicity. H486R represents the first reported OPTN mutation associated with JOAG. Also, L41L is proposed to confer an increased susceptibility to the development of JOAG. Most of the other sequence changes observed were not thought to be biologically significant. The frequency of the previously reported M98K allele was not increased in the JOAG population studied but showed the previously reported skewed distribution in the POAG study population. The changes identified were not shown to affect the splicing machinery. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this work support the hypothesis that mutations in OPTN are not specifically associated with low-pressure glaucoma, but can play a role in JOAG. 相似文献
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Expression and function of pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-17 and IL-17 receptor in normal,benign hyperplastic,and malignant prostate 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Steiner GE Newman ME Paikl D Stix U Memaran-Dagda N Lee C Marberger MJ 《The Prostate》2003,56(3):171-182
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors involved in inflammation of the prostate besides IL-15, we screened prostatic cells and tissues for IL-17 and IL-17 receptor expression. METHODS: Normal prostate (n = 1), BPH (n = 19), and carcinoma (CaP, n = 12) specimens were screened for IL-17, IL-17 receptor, CD45, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression. The carcinoma cell lines DU145, PC3, LNCaP, and BPH-epithelial (EC), stromal cell (SC) preparations, and BPH-T-cell lines were analyzed for IL-17 production by RT-PCR and ELISA. The effect of IL-17 on IL-6, IL-8, TGF-beta1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) mRNA expression and/or release of SC was analyzed using real-time PCR and/or ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize both IL-17 and IL-17 receptor. RESULTS: In the normal prostate, IL-17 expression was very weak and restricted to lymphocytes. In 79% of BPH and 58% of CaP specimens, IL-17 mRNA and protein expression was increased. IL-17 mRNA expression could be shown for activated BPH-T-cells and to some extend for BPH-EC. Expression of IL-17 receptor was ubiquitous. Release of IL-17 was shown only for activated BPH-T-cells. IL-17 stimulated expression of IL-6 (13-fold) and IL-8 (26-fold) by prostatic BPH-SC. In situ, however, the amount of IL-17mRNA in BPH-tissue did not correlate with the amount of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA. In CaP tissue, significant correlation was found only between the amount of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Activated BPH-T-cells abundantly express IL-17. The increase of IL-17 in BPH-tissues goes hand in hand with elevated levels of IL-15, a pro-inflammatory cytokine with T-cell growth factor properties. A clinical relevance of increased IL-17 expression under pathological conditions is suggested by the demonstration of significant upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 production of prostatic SC by IL-17. 相似文献
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Nima Sepehri Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani Nafise Asemanipoor Samanesadat Hosseini Mahmood Biglar Bagher Larijani Mohammad Mahdavi Haleh Hamedifar Parham Taslimi Nastaran Sadeghian Ilhami Gulcin 《Archiv der Pharmazie》2020,353(10):2000109
Coumarins and their derivatives are receiving increasing attention due to numerous biochemical and pharmacological applications. In this study, a series of novel coumarin–1,2,3-triazole-acetamide hybrids was tested against some metabolic enzymes including α-glycosidase (α-Gly), α-amylase (α-Amy), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), and hCA II. The new coumarin–1,2,3-triazole-acetamide hybrids showed Ki values in the range of 483.50–1,243.04 nM against hCA I, 508.55–1,284.36 nM against hCA II, 24.85–132.85 nM against AChE, 27.17–1,104.36 nM against BChE, 590.42–1,104.36 nM against α-Gly, and 55.38–128.63 nM against α-Amy. The novel coumarin–1,2,3-triazole-acetamide hybrids had effective inhibition profiles against all tested metabolic enzymes. Also, due to the enzyme inhibitory effects of the new hybrids, they are potential drug candidates to treat diseases such as epilepsy, glaucoma, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and leukemia. Additionally, these inhibition effects were compared with standard enzyme inhibitors like acetazolamide (for hCA I and II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE), and acarbose (for α-Gly and α-Amy). Also, those coumarin–1,2,3-triazole-acetamide hybrids with the best inhibition score were docked into the active site of the indicated metabolic enzymes. 相似文献
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