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101.
102.
Neilan CL Husbands SM Breeden S Ko MC Aceto MD Lewis JW Woods JH Traynor JR 《European journal of pharmacology》2004,499(1-2):107-116
The development of buprenorphine as a treatment for opiate abuse and dependence has drawn attention to opioid ligands that have agonist actions followed by long-lasting antagonist actions. In a search for alternatives to buprenorphine, we discovered a bridged pyrrolidinomorphinan (BU72). In vitro, BU72 displayed high affinity and efficacy for mu-opioid receptors, but was also a partial delta-opioid receptor agonist and a full kappa-opioid receptor agonist. BU72 was a highly potent and long-lasting antinociceptive agent against both thermal and chemical nociception in the mouse and against thermal nociception in the monkey. These effects were prevented by mu-, but not kappa- or delta-, opioid receptor antagonists. Once the agonist effects of BU72 had subsided, the compound acted to attenuate the antinociceptive action of morphine. BU72 is too efficacious for human use but manipulation to reduce efficacy could provide a lead to the development of a treatment for opioid dependence. 相似文献
103.
104.
The question of payment to egg donors has recently focused the attention of
both the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and licensed
clinics. An acute shortage of egg donors and the rising costs of assisted
conception treatment are matters of grave concern to many patients. To
understand the emotional and social effects of egg sharing and egg
donation, we conducted a survey of attitudes in a group of women who had
some knowledge or experience of egg donation. A total of 750 questionnaires
were sent out of which 217 were returned within the specified time limit.
From these, 107 respondents had experience of egg donation and 110 had made
enquiries about donation. The data from these questionnaires were collated
and tabulated by the National Opinion Polls (NOP) Research Group. An
analysis of the data produced the following key findings: (i) donating or
sharing eggs is a social issue, 94% discuss it with
partners/family/friends; (ii) altruistic motives are not the prerogative of
non-patient volunteers-egg share donors felt that helping the childless was
as important as having a chance of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) for
themselves; (iii) the treatment procedure causes the most anxiety for egg
donors. The recipients were most concerned about delays, donor
characteristics and how the eggs were allocated; (iv) most respondents
(65%) with prior experience of egg sharing would do it again - 63% of egg
share donors, 72% of egg share recipients; (v) cash rewards to egg donors
and outright advertising for donors were rejected by 64 and 62% of the
sample respectively; and (vi) counselling was highly valued and there were
no instances of 'shattered lives' after treatment. The findings do not
support the recently announced intentions of the HFEA to disallow payment
to gamete donors on the grounds of devalued consent. There is no precedent
in modern medicine for egg sharing. The patients surveyed drew a clear
distinction between egg sharing and financial rewards. As long as egg
donation is not covered by the National Health Service, it is fairer to
offer egg sharing than to refuse treatment to those unable to pay.
相似文献
105.
106.
Background
Health research is increasingly being conducted on a global scale, particularly in the developing world to address leading causes of morbidity and mortality. While research interest has increased, building scientific capacity in the developing world has not kept pace. This often leads to the export of human tissue (defined broadly) from the developing to the developed world for analysis. These practices raise a number of important ethical issues that require attention. 相似文献107.
Pregnancy following intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment with dead husband's spermatozoa: ethical and policy considerations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Ahuja KK; Mamiso J; Emmerson G; Bowen-Simpkins P; Seaton A; Simons EG 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1997,12(6):1360-1363
This paper describes the first pregnancy in a childless widow after
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with her deceased
husband's spermatozoa which had been stored for nearly 3 years before use.
Before his death the husband had received treatment for testicular cancer
and he had given the appropriate written consent for the future use of his
spermatozoa. Of the 10 eggs injected, six resulted in normal embryos. Three
embryos were transferred and the remaining three embryos are currently
stored for possible future use. The treatment resulted in a continuing
singleton pregnancy. The case demonstrated the suitability of ICSI in those
difficult cases where the sperm quality is extremely poor. This success is
also compared with a widely debated case of another widow who was refused
permission to use her deceased husband's spermatozoa. It is concluded that
in the case of posthumous use of frozen spermatozoa, the current laws are
conveniently applicable in a chronic illness but not so in an acute illness
leading to death. In the light of the wide public debate on the issues
raised by this legal case, the UK Government has also decided to conduct a
review of consent procedures involving the storage and use of genetic
material.
相似文献
108.
J.G. Neilan Z. Lu G.F. Kutish L. Zsak T.G. Burrage M.V. Borca C. Carrillo D.L. Rock 《Virology》1997,230(2):252
An African swine fever virus (ASFV) gene with similarity to viral and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis genes (iap) has been described in the African isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (ORF 4CL) and a cell-culture-adapted European virus, BA71V (ORF A224L). The similarity of the ASFV gene to genes involved in inhibiting cellular apoptosis suggested the gene may regulate apoptosis in ASFV-infected cells and thus may function in ASFV virulence and/or host range. Sequence analysis of additional African and European pathogenic isolates demonstrates that this gene is highly conserved among both pig and tick ASFV isolates and that its similarity toiapgenes is limited to the presence of a single IAP repeat motif (BIR motif) in the ASFV gene. To study gene function, a4CLgene deletion mutant, Δ4CL, was constructed from the pathogenic Malawi Lil-20/1 isolate. Growth characteristics of Δ4CL in swine macrophage cell cultures were indistinguishable from those of parental virus. Infected macrophage survival time and the induction and magnitude of apoptosis in virus-infected macrophages were comparable for cells infected with either Δ4CL or parental virus. In infected swine, Δ4CL exhibited an unaltered Malawi Lil-20/1 virulence phenotype. These data indicate that, although highly conserved among ASFV isolates, the4CLgene is nonessential for growth in macrophage cell culturesin vitroand for pig virulence. Additionally, despite its limited similarity toiapgenes,4CLexhibits no anti-apoptotic function in infected macrophage cell cultures. The high degree of gene conservation among ASFV isolates, together with the apparent lack of function in the swine host, suggests4CLmay be a host range gene involved in aspects of infection in the arthropod host, ticks of the genusOrnithodoros. 相似文献
109.
Cuendet GS; Loten EG; Cameron DP; Renold AE; Marliss EB 《The American journal of physiology》1975,228(1):276-283
110.
Geetika?Verma Ross?EG?UpshurEmail author Elizabeth?Rea Solomon?R?Benatar 《BMC medical ethics》2004,5(1):2