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Katharina Voigt Emily Giddens Romana Stark Emma Frisch Neda Moskovsky Naomi Kakoschke Julie C. Stout Mark A. Bellgrove Zane B. Andrews Antonio Verdejo-Garcia 《Nutrients》2021,13(6)
Food homeostatic states (hunger and satiety) influence the cognitive systems regulating impulsive responses, but the direction and specific mechanisms involved in this effect remain elusive. We examined how fasting, and satiety, affect cognitive mechanisms underpinning disinhibition using a novel framework and a gamified test-battery. Thirty-four participants completed the test-battery measuring three cognitive facets of disinhibition: attentional control, information gathering and monitoring of feedback, across two experimental sessions: one after overnight fasting and another after a standardised meal. Homeostatic state was assessed using subjective self-reports and biological markers (i.e., blood-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial protein 2 (LEAP-2), insulin and leptin). We found that participants who experienced greater subjective hunger during the satiety session were more impulsive in the information gathering task; results were not confounded by changes in mood or anxiety. Homeostatic state did not significantly influence disinhibition mechanisms linked to attentional control or feedback monitoring. However, we found a significant interaction between homeostatic state and LEAP-2 on attentional control, with higher LEAP-2 associated with faster reaction times in the fasted condition only. Our findings indicate lingering hunger after eating increases impulsive behaviour via reduced information gathering. These findings identify a novel mechanism that may underpin the tendency to overeat and/or engage in broader impulsive behaviours. 相似文献
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Kai Aoki Takuji Suzuki Fang Hui Takuro Nakano Koki Yanazawa Masato Yonamine Shinichiro Fujita Takehito Sugasawa Yasuko Yoshida Naomi Omi Yasushi Kawakami Kazuhiro Takekoshi 《Nutrients》2021,13(5)
The effects of exercise on nutrient digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract are not well understood. A few studies have reported that exercise training increases the expression of molecules involved in carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Exercise was also shown to increase the blood concentration of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which regulates carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Therefore, we investigated the effects of exercise on the expression of molecules involved in intestinal digestion and absorption, including GLP-2. Six-week-old male mice were divided into a sedentary (SED) and low-intensity exercise (LEx) group. LEx mice were required to run on a treadmill (12.5 m/min, 1 h), whereas SED mice rested. All mice were euthanized 1 h after exercise or rest, and plasma, jejunum, ileum, and colon samples were collected, followed by analysis via IHC, EIA, and immunoblotting. The levels of plasma GLP-2 and the jejunum expression of the GLP-2 receptor, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) were higher in LEx mice. Thus, we showed that acute low-intensity exercise affects the expression of molecules involved in intestinal carbohydrate digestion and absorption via GLP-2. Our results suggest that exercise might be beneficial for small intestine function in individuals with intestinal frailty. 相似文献
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Rosby Lucy V. Schmidt Henk G. Tan Gerald J. S. Low-Beer Naomi Mamede Silvia Zwaan Laura Rotgans Jerome I. 《Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice》2021,26(3):1059-1074
Advances in Health Sciences Education - It was recently shown that novice medical students could be trained to demonstrate the speed-to-diagnosis and diagnostic accuracy typical of System-1-type... 相似文献
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Naomi E. Gadinsky Kenneth M. Lin Craig E. Klinger Jonathan P. Dyke Laura J. Kleeblad Kevin G. Shea David L Helfet Scott A. Rodeo Daniel W. Green Lionel E. Lazaro 《Journal of children's orthopaedics》2021,15(2):157
PurposeWhile predominant blood supply to the adult patella enters inferomedially, little is known about skeletally immature patellar perfusion. Improved knowledge of immature patella vascularity can further understanding of osteochondritis dissecans, dorsal defects of the patella and bipartite patella, and help ensure safe surgical approaches. We hypothesized that the immature patella would exhibit more uniform blood flow. The study purpose was to quantify immature patella regional perfusion in comparison with adults.MethodsTen cadaveric knees were utilized (five immature, five mature). The superficial femoral artery was cannulated proximally. Signal enhancement increases were compared from pre- to post-contrast MRI to assess relative arterial contributions to patella regions (quadrants, anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, and outer/inner).ResultsQuantitative-MRI analysis revealed similar distribution of enhancement between the immature and mature patella. The inferior pole exhibited significantly higher arterial contribution versus superior pole in both immature and mature groups (p = 0.009; both groups), while the inferomedial quadrant had the highest arterial contribution of all quadrants in both groups. The superolateral quadrant demonstrated the lowest arterial contribution in the immature group and second lowest in the adult group. The patella outer periphery had significantly greater arterial contribution than the inner central region in both immature (p = 0.009) and mature (p = 0.009) groups.ConclusionDistribution of arterial contributions between the immature and mature patella was similar. Our results highlight the importance of inferior and inferomedial blood supply in both immature and mature patellas. These findings have implications for paediatric and adult patients; surgical damage to inferior patellar vessels should be avoided to prevent associated complications. 相似文献
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Eiji Shibata Jian Huang Naomi Hisanaga Yuichiro Ono Isao Saito Yasuhiro Takeuchi 《Archives of toxicology》1990,64(3):247-250
The neurotoxicity ofn-hexane is thought to be caused ultimately by 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), one of then-hexane metabolites. The potentiation ofn-hexane neurotoxicity by co-exposure with MEK, therefore, is suspected to be related to kinetics of 2,5-HD in blood. To clarify the kinetics ofn-hexane metabolites in the mixed exposure ofn-hexane and MEK, rats were exposed to 2000 ppmn-hexane or a mixture of 2000 ppmn-hexane and 2000 ppm MEK, and the time courses of serumn-hexane metabolites were determined. 2,5-HD in serum increased until 2 h after the end of exposure, when serum 2,5-HD concentration reached a peak of 16.35 g/ml in then-hexane-alone group. In contrast, 2,5-HD in the mixed exposure group increased much more slowly during and after exposure than in then-hexane-alone group. It reached a peak of 2.12 g/ml at 8 h after the end of exposure. Serum MBK, a precursor of 2,5-HD in the co-exposure group, was about half in then-hexane-alone group during exposure. However, MBK decreased more slowly in the co-exposure group than in then-hexane-alone group after the end of the exposure. The results suggest that co-exposed MEK might inhibit oxidation ofn-hexane and decrease clearance ofn-hexane metabolites. Co-exposed MEK did not increase serum 2,5-HD, which was considered a main neurotoxic metabolite. Therefore the enhancement of neurotoxicity could not be attributed to increased serum 2,5-HD in the co-exposed group. The mechanism of enhancement of neurotoxicity ofn-hexane by MEK should be studied further. 相似文献
49.
Background: This study explored eating habits, nutrient intake, and blood vitamin and mineral levels to determine whether
severely obese subjects (BMI 40-50 kg m−2) post-vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) or gastric bypass Roux-en-Y (GBR) are at risk of developing compounded under-nutrition.
Methods: A dietary follow-up of 36 VBG and 19 GBR was maintained for 18 months via 7-day food intake diaries and 24-h recalls.
Food intake was analysed for energy and nutrient composition and for its relative amount to recommended dietary allowances
(RDA). Results: Weight loss was greatest during the first 6 months, continued at a slower rate for the next 6 months, nearly
ceasing thereafter. The results following GBR were not substantially different from those following VBG 18 months postoperatively.
The median weight loss at 1 year postoperatively was 48, 46, 48 and 36 kg; expressed as residual excess body weight: 0.2,
16, 13 and 22% for GBR Men, Women, VBG Men, Women, respectively. According to the classification proposed by Reinhold, all
subjects achieved excellent treatment outcomes 18 months postoperatively. Despite the relatively low reported energy intake
(20-50% below RDA), no correlation was found between rate of weight loss and energy intake at 6 months postoperatively. The
intake of most vitamins and minerals was below 50% of RDA during the 18 months follow-up. The increase in energy intake did
not improve the level of the nonenergy-contributing nutrients. Compliance to multivitamin and mineral supplement intake deteriorated
with time. Conclusion: The low to within-normal range of blood vitamin and mineral levels 12 months postoperatively suggests
the slow development of subclinical nutritional deficiency which could jeopardize the subjects' long-term health status. 相似文献
50.