Puncture wound related pseudomonas infections of the foot in children

Eleven children with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection complicating foot puncture wounds were reviewed. Delay in presentation (mean 2 days) and diagnosis (mean 9 days) due to a paucity of clinical signs of deep infection was characteristic of this condition. Septic arthritis (5 patients) and osteomyelitis (3 patients) were frequent complications. Treatment involved multiple surgical debridements and prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy. The clinical outcome was good although long-term radiographic changes were common.     

Genotype determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder

In the present study, we address the role of the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key modulator of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, in the genetic predisposition to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We show that a common functional allele of this gene, which results in a 3- to 4-fold reduction in enzyme activity, is significantly associated in a recessive manner with susceptibility to OCD, particularly in males. This association is further supported by psychiatric evaluation of patients who carry microdeletions encompassing the comt gene. The mechanism underlying this sex-selective association remains to be defined and may include a sexual dimorphism in COMT activity, although close linkage with a nearby disease susceptibility locus cannot be excluded at this point.     

Endometrial pipelle biopsy compared to conventional dilatation and curettage

Dilatation and curettage (D+C) is the most common operation performed in Britain. The liberal use of D+C has been criticised. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of outpatient endometrial pipelle biopsy and determine its safety in terms of detecting abnormalities. Complications and financial costs were also evaluated. Data were reviewed from an active gynaecological unit from February 1993 to January 1995. A total of 303 D+Cs and 104 endometrial pipelle biopsies were performed in this period. Nine malignancies were detected by D+C and 1 by pipelle biopsy. A total of 24 and 3 benign abnormalities were detected by each method respectively. There was a higher complication rate in the D+C group but the failure rate was higher in the endometrial pipelle biopsy group. The monetary savings over this period is estimated at ￡20,307. There were no missed malignancies to our knowledge over the 8 yr period since endometrial pipelle biopsy was introduced to the hospital.     

Safety pharmacology of the respiratory system: Techniques and study design

The known effects of drugs from a variety of pharmacologic/therapeutic classes on the respiratory system and worldwide regulatory requirements support the need for conducting respiratory evaluations in safety pharmacology. The objective of these studies is to evaluate the potential for drugs to cause secondary pharmacologic or toxicologic effects that influence respiratory function. Changes in respiratory function can result either from alterations in the pumping apparatus that controls the pattern of pulmonary ventilation or from changes in the mechanical properties of the lung that determine the transpulmonary pressures (work) required for lung inflation and deflation. Defects in the pumping apparatus are classified as hypo- or hyperventilation syndromes and are evaluated by examining ventilatory parameters in a conscious animal model. The ventilatory parameters include respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, peak (or mean) inspiratory flow, peak (or mean) expiratory flow, and fractional inspiratory time. Defects in mechanical properties of the lung are classified as obstructive or restrictive disorders and can be evaluated in animal models by performing flow-volume and pressure-volume maneuvers, respectively. The parameters used to detect airway obstruction include peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow at 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity, and a timed forced expiratory volume, while the parameters used to detect lung restriction include total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and compliance. Measurement of dynamic lung resistance and compliance, obtained continuously during tidal breathing, is an alternative method for evaluating obstructive and restrictive disorders, respectively, and is used when the response to drug treatment is expected to be immediate (within minutes post-dose). The species used in the safety pharmacology studies conducted in our laboratory are the same as those used in toxicology studies since pharmacokinetic and toxicologic/pathologic data are available in these species. These data can be used to help select test measurement intervals and doses and to aid in the interpretation of functional change. The techniques and procedures for measuring respiratory function parameters are well established in guinea pigs, rats, and dogs.     

PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION PROGRAMS: A Critique of Current Literature

Published reports of the effectiveness of preterm birth prevention programs have produced mixed results. Many larger observational studies suggest benefit. The randomized trials, however, suggest no effect on reducing rates of preterm birth in high-risk populations. This article reviews and critiques these reports and suggests areas for further research.     

Effects of niacin source on epinephrine stimulation of plasma nonesterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations, on diet digestibility and on rumen protozoal numbers in lactating dairy cows

Effects of niacin (nicotinic acid or nicotinamide) supplementation of dairy cow diets on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk yield and milk composition were determined using six mid-lactation Holstein cows in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design arranged to test for residual treatment effects. Treatments were control, 12 g/d of nicotinic acid or 12 g/d of nicotinamide. Periods were 14 d long; d 1 to 4 served as an adaptation period before treatment administration commenced (d 5 to 14). Effects of supplemental niacin on plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and plasma glucose concentrations were tested following saline injection on d 10. Blood was then sampled for 5.5 h at 15-min intervals. On d 13, cows were treated similarly except that epinephrine replaced saline. The area below d-10 curves was subtracted from the area below d-13 curves to serve as an indicator of niacin's effect on plasma NEFA and glucose concentration responses to epinephrine injection. Niacin treatments did not change the area differences for plasma glucose compared to the control treatment; however, there was a trend for niacin to reduce the area difference compared to the control treatment for plasma NEFA. Niacin treatments did not alter dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield or composition. Niacin supplementation increased the number of entodinia protozoa in rumen fluid.