To estimate the national prevalence of arthritis‐attributable work limitation (AAWL) among persons ages 18–64 with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and examine correlates of AAWL.
Methods
Using the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated the prevalence of AAWL (limited in whether individuals work, the type of work they do, or the amount of work they do) and correlates of AAWL in univariable and multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression analyses. Survey data were analyzed in SAS and SUDAAN to account for the complex sample design.
Results
A total of 5.3% of all US adults ages 18–64 reported AAWL; in this age group, AAWL is reported by ~30% of those who report arthritis. The prevalence of AAWL was highest among people ages 45–64 years (10.2%), women (6.3%), non‐Hispanic blacks (7.7%), people with less than a high school education (8.6%), and those with an annual household income <$20,000 (12.6%). AAWL was substantially increased among people with arthritis‐attributable activity limitations (multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 9.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 7.1–11.6). The multivariable‐adjusted likelihood of AAWL was moderately higher among non‐Hispanic blacks (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3), Hispanics (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.6), and people with high levels of functional/social/leisure limitations (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3) and was decreased among those with a college education (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.8).
Conclusion
AAWL is highly prevalent, affecting millions of Americans and one‐third of adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis. Findings suggest the need for more targeted research to better understand the natural history, success of interventions, and effects of policy on AAWL. Public health interventions, including self‐management education programs, may be effective in countering AAWL. 相似文献
We have examined the effects of R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and other adenosine analogues on basal, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)- and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in intact N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, to determine whether the cells contain A1 adenosine receptors that are negatively coupled with adenylate cyclase. Basal levels of cAMP (68 +/- 7 pmol/mg protein; mean +/- SE, N = 15) were not altered by low concentrations of R-PIA. The apparent lack of inhibition was not due to increases in cAMP due to activation of a stimulatory A2 receptor by endogenously-synthesized adenosine. By comparison, low levels of R-PIA did reduce significantly (P less than 0.05) PGE1-dependent increases in cAMP formation (maximum response to PGE1, 972 +/- 77 pmol cAMP/mg protein; EC50 for PGE1, 0.2 microM). Inhibition was dose dependent, and resulted in a 30-50% maximum reduction in production stimulated by PGE1. Nanomolar concentrations of R-PIA elicited half-maximal inhibition; the inhibitory response was blocked by 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT). The order of potencies of several adenosine analogues in eliciting this response suggested that inhibition was mediated by an A1 adenosine receptor. Examination of the effects of R-PIA on forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation yielded several interesting findings. First, stimulation by the diterpene by itself was blocked by both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 8-PT (40 and 25% inhibition respectively). Low concentrations of R-PIA (less than 10(-6) M) had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. At higher levels (greater than or equal to 10(-6) M) the analogues acted synergistically with the diterpene, to yield cAMP levels that were up to 3-fold higher than the additive effect of the two agents. Potentiation was stereospecific, Ca2+ dependent, and was blocked by 8-PT. The results of this study suggest that, in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, inhibitory A1 receptors are not stimulated in response to non-specific elevations in cAMP, but are associated with specific stimulatory receptors such as those activated by PGE1. 相似文献
A sensitive method utilizing reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed for the analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum in blood serum. The serum proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile and the supernatant mixed with ethyl ether. The organic phase is separated, evaporated to dryness, and the residue subjected to chromatographic analysis. Extraction efficiencies of brodifacoum at concentrations of 20, 60, and 300 ng/mL were 82.9, 93.4, and 93.8%, respectively, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 3.52, 4.07, and 3.68%, respectively. The intrarun precision (CV) without an internal standard at concentrations of 20, 60, and 300 ng/mL were 1.93, 4.89, and 1.51%, respectively, and 3.56, 5.94, and 3.66% with an internal standard. The interrun precision over the concentration range of 20-1000 ng/mL ranged from 1.88-6.22% without an internal standard and from 2.07-12.6% with an internal standard. Brodifacoum was measurable to at least the 1-ng/mL level. 相似文献
This article illustrates how Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) can complement conventional statistical methods in evaluating psychiatric tests. Using one recent EDA computer program, we evaluated the ability of repeated psychiatric screening tests (the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]) to predict medical and psychiatric service use in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), the Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP). Using a stratified random sample of 244 new HCHP enrollees and viewing three-dimensional graphs of their data from multiple perspectives, we found two subpopulations: low GHQ scorers, for whom the tests did not predict service use; and high scorers, for whom they did. Surprisingly, improving scores forecast increased use and chronically high scores predicted diminished use. Using another stratified random sample of 213 new HCHP enrollees, and with scatterplot matrices from another interactive computer program, we found that high and unchanging GHQ scores forecast HMO dropout. We examine possible interpretations--for example, that chronically distressed patients may become immobilized, diminish service use, and ultimately leave the HMO. We also explain how EDA methods may help uncover elusive results in other data (e.g., mental health outcomes). 相似文献
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with deletions on the long arm of chromosome 22, mild intellectual disability, poor social interaction and a high prevalence of psychosis. However, to date there have been no studies investigating the neuropsychological functioning of adults with VCFS. We compared 19 adults with VCFS with 19 age, gender and IQ matched controls using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Compared to controls, adults with VCFS had significant impairments in visuoperceptual ability (Visual Object and Space Perception Battery), problem solving and planning (Tower of London) and abstract and social thinking (Comprehension WAIS-R). It is likely that haploinsufficiency (reduced gene dosage) of a neurodevelopmental gene or genes mapping to chromosome 22q11 underlies the cognitive deficits observed in individuals with VCFS. 相似文献
Background: Residual paralysis associated with the use of long-acting muscle relaxants can delay recovery from anesthesia and surgery. The authors tested the hypothesis that use of shorter-acting neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with reductions in tracheal extubation times and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Methods: One hundred ten patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting or single valve surgery were randomized prospectively to receive either pancuronium or rocuronium intraoperatively. Anesthetic management and muscle relaxant maintenance dosing were standardized. In the ICU, the time required to wean ventilatory support, the duration of tracheal intubation, and length of stay were recorded. Subjects were asked to quantify generalized muscle weakness as they awakened in the ICU and again after tracheal extubation.
Results: Complete data were collected on 51 patients in the pancuronium group and 52 patients in the rocuronium group. No differences were found between the groups in anesthetic, surgical, or ICU management. Significant increases in the duration of weaning of ventilatory support were observed in patients who received pancuronium (median, 180 min; range, 50-780 min) compared with the rocuronium group (median, 110 min; range, 45-250 min). Tracheal extubation was significantly delayed in the pancuronium group (median, 500 min; range, 240-1,305 min) compared with the rocuronium group (median, 350 min; range, 210-1,140 min). Subjects in the pancuronium group experienced more mild to severe weakness in the ICU. However, the choice of muscle relaxant did not influence ICU length of stay. 相似文献
In layer IV of the primary visual cortex, in both the macaque monkey and the cat, geniculocortical terminals representing the two eyes are segregated into alternating zones known as ocular dominance bands. Viewed tangentially, in the monkey these bands take the form of a series of branching parallel stripes that run roughly perpendicular to the border of striate cortex. In the cat, the overall ocular dominance pattern consists of irregularly branching, beaded bands that exhibit no predominant orientation. If the striking differences in the appearance of these two patterns reflect important differences in the basic rules governing cortical ocular dominance, then this poses a problem for attempts to formulate general principles of visual cortical organization. However, it has been suggested that the differences in the appearance of the ocular dominance patterns in these two species could result simply from known differences in the boundary conditions of their geniculocortical pathways. This article describes the formulation and testing of a single computational model that accurately predicts the quite dissimilar ocular dominance patterns in cats and monkeys. This model also generalizes to predict the different ocular dominance patterns observed in young and old three-eyed frogs, supporting the notion that the overall pattern of ocular dominance is governed by a common set of rules. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of previous models, which have focused largely on local processes underlying the development of ocular dominance segregation. Although the present model is not a developmental one, it does shed some light on potential mechanisms for establishing retinotopy in striate cortex and on possible developmental relationships between the geniculostriate pathway and intrinsic modularity of the striate cortex. 相似文献
Herpes simplex encephalitis may be underdiagnosed in Britain. We report eight patients treated at one hospital over three years. Fever, impaired consciousness or focal neurological signs were seen in all patients at presentation but herpes simplex encephalitis was rarely considered as the initial diagnosis. The electroencephalogram was the only initial investigation that was abnormal in each case and was the most useful test in establishing a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods in each case. Following acyclovir treatment five patients were able to resume normal activities, one patient has moderate disability and two patients died. Three patients showed clinical evidence of relapse but two improved after further treatment with acyclovir. Herpes simplex encephalitis is a treatable condition and should be considered in all patients presenting with fever and neurological signs. The electroencephalogram is usually abnormal and the changes may be characteristic of the condition. 相似文献