Effect of multivitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-1-infected women

BACKGROUND: The pattern of weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-infected women is largely unknown. Multivitamin supplementation was shown to be effective in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-positive women. These protective effects could be mediated in part by an improvement in the pattern of gestational weight gain. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of multivitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy among HIV-infected women. DESIGN: We enrolled 1075 pregnant, HIV-1-positive women from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Using a 2-by-2 factorial design, we assigned each woman to 1 of 4 regimens: multivitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and E), vitamin A, multivitamins including vitamin A, or placebo. The women took these oral supplements daily and were weighed monthly until the end of pregnancy. RESULTS: The mean rate of weight gain was 306 g/wk during the second trimester and 247 g/wk during the third trimester. During the third trimester, average weight gain was significantly greater (by 304 g; 95% CI: 17, 590; P = 0.04) and the risk of low rate of weight gain (相似文献   

Survey of the definition and screening of neonatal hypoglycaemia in Australia

Objective : To determine the approach to identifying neonatal hypoglycaemia and the definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia used by neonatal paediatricians in Australian Level 3 neonatal intensive care units (NICU).
Methodology : A questionnaire was sent to the 101 neonatal paediatricians in the 22 Level 3 NICU in Australia asking their method of screening for, and definition of, neonatal hypoglycaemia.
Results : Responses were received from 70 neonatal paediatricians, including all 22 directors. A bedside glucose meter is used in 19 of 22 NICU to screen for hypoglycaemia, whilst one NICU uses a glucose analyzer and another NICU uses a visual colour comparison method. One NICU does not screen, but has blood glucose measured in a satellite laboratory. If the screening method suggests hypoglycaemia, 62 of 63 neonatal paediatricians proceed to blood glucose determination in a laboratory, mostly using plasma samples. Based on the laboratory measurement, the definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia ranged from <1.1 to 3.0 mmol/L.
Conclusions : The majority of neonatal paediatricians in Australian NICU screen for neonatal hypoglycaemia using a bedside glucose meter. There is a wide range in the definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia from <1.1 to 3.0mmol/L.     

Vitamin supplementation of HIV-infected women improves postnatal child growth

BACKGROUND: Linear growth retardation and wasting are common in children born to HIV-infected women. Inexpensive interventions that could improve the postnatal growth pattern of such children are needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effect of supplementing HIV-infected women with multivitamins or vitamin A and beta-carotene, during and after pregnancy, on the growth of their children during the first 2 y of life. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial in 886 mother-infant pairs in Tanzania. At the first prenatal visit, HIV-infected women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 daily oral regimens in a 2 x 2 factorial fashion: multivitamins (MV: thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, niacin, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid), preformed vitamin A + beta-carotene (VA/BC), MV including VA/BC, or placebo. Supplementation continued during the first 2 y postpartum and thereafter. Children were weighed and measured monthly, and all received vitamin A supplements after 6 mo of age per the standard of care. RESULTS: Multivitamins had a significant positive effect on attained weight (459 g; 95% CI: 35, 882; P = 0.03) and on weight-for-age (0.42; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.77; P = 0.02) and weight-for-length (0.38; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.68; P = 0.01) z scores at 24 mo. VA/BC seemed to reduce the benefits of MV on these outcomes. No significant effects were observed on length, midupper arm circumference, or head circumference. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of HIV-infected women with multivitamins (vitamin B complex, vitamin C, and vitamin E) during pregnancy and lactation is an effective intervention for improving ponderal growth in children.     

中国九省居民膳食、体力活动与血压水平关系的纵向分析研究

目的 通过构建多水平模型,对中国九省居民饮食、体力活动与血压水平之间的关系进行纵向分析.方法 以"中国健康与营养调查"追踪调查项目中参加1997、2000、2004和2006年四轮调查中至少一次调查的18岁及以上成年人(男性6706名,女性7140名)为研究对象,分性别拟合包括个体和调查时间两个水平的发展模型,分析膳食中盐、蔬菜、水果、脂肪和蛋白质摄入量以及中重度体力活动时间对SBP和DBP的影响.结果 在调整年龄、教育程度、BMI、饮酒和能量摄入量等因素之后,四轮调查女性个体平均盐摄入量与SBP呈正相关(β=0.0481,s-x=0.0178,P＜0.01);男女性个体平均蔬菜摄入量与SBP呈负相关(P＜0.01),其回归系数估计值分别为-0.0063、-0.0068,即个体四次调查日均蔬菜摄入量每增加100 g,其SBP会降低0.6mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa)以上,另外,男女性个体平均蔬菜摄入量同DBP亦呈负相关(P＜0.01).对同一调查时间的不同个体或不同调查时间的同一个体来说,男女性水果摄入量和SBP呈负相关,其回归系数估计值分别为-0.0029、-0.0031.中重度体力活动时间与男女性SBP和女性DBP均呈负相关(P＜0.05).不过,膳食总脂肪和蛋白质摄入量与血压水平之间并无关联.结论 膳食中盐、蔬菜和水果摄入量以及中重度体力活动时间与血压水平有关.限盐、增加蔬菜和水果摄入量、提高各项体力活动水平、积极控制体重等生活方式的转变是控制血压水平的重要方法.