Presence of beta human papillomaviruses in nonmelanoma skin cancer from organ transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients in the West of Scotland

Background  Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been linked to cutaneous human papillomaviruses of the genus beta (betaPV).
Objectives  We sought to assess the presence of betaPV in NMSC biopsies from a group of Scottish skin cancer patients, both immunocompetent (IC) patients and immunosuppressed (IS) organ transplant recipients.
Methods  One hundred and twenty-one paraffin-embedded skin tumours (27 actinic keratosis, 41 intraepidermal carcinoma, 53 squamous cell carcinoma) and 11 normal skin samples were analysed for the presence of betaPV by a polymerase chain reaction–reverse hybridization assay designed to detect the presence of the 25 known betaPV genotypes.
Results  In IC patients, betaPV was detected in 30 of 59 (51%) tumours and two of 11 (18%) normal skin samples ( P  =   0·046). In IS patients, betaPV was found in 27 of 62 (44%) tumours; no normal skin samples were available for comparison. The most frequently found genotypes were HPV-24, HPV-15 and HPV-38. Of those tumours infected with betaPV, 28 of 57 (49%) were infected with more than one genotype (range 2–8). Tumours from IS patients were from a younger age group (mean age 57·4 years) than IC patients (mean age 73·8 years). Multiple infections were more common in tumours from IC patients (21 of 30; 70%) compared with those from IS patients (seven of 27; 26%) ( P  <   0·001). In the IC group, age did not appear to influence the distribution of single and multiple infections whereas in IS patients the proportion of multiple infections to single infections increased with age. There were no multiple infections in normal skin.
Conclusions  A wide spectrum of betaPV types was detected in our samples. Further characterization of betaPV in vivo is needed in order to determine the mechanisms by which the virus contributes to cutaneous carcinogenesis.     

Prediction of ocular irritation by corneal pachymetry

Corneal pachymetry performed 3 days after application of a variety of test materials to the rabbit eye was found to be predictive of the eye irritation classification determined by observing the ocular response for 21 days. The test materials included NaOH, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, cyclohexanone, hexane and a shampoo. A 0.1-ml sample of the test material was placed in the conjunctival sac in the left eye of each rabbit. Both the left and the right eye of each rabbit were evaluated for irritation and corneal thickness for up to 21 days using a slit-lamp biomicroscope with a pachymeter attachment. On day 3 of observation the mean corneal thickness ratios (treated/control eye) were predictive of the duration of corneal cloudiness (correlation coefficient = 0.86). In addition, these ratios were predictive of the eye irritation classification as determined by a 21-day test (correlation coefficient = 0.98). Corneal pachymetry for determining eye irritation classification is presented as an alternative to the current 21-day test. It is more objective and requires a shorter observation period. Therefore, this method should lessen the cost of eye irritation testing and decrease the duration of discomfort that may occur among the test animals. The greater objectivity may also reduce the intra- and interlaboratory variation and the number of rabbits required for each testing.     

Current transition assessment practices.

Although researchers have called for a movement away from prediction-related assessments to those which identify specific skill deficits, the extent to which professionals responsible for vocational assessment have shifted their focus is uncertain. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the frequency with which specified prediction-related and skill deficit-related vocational assessment procedures were administered by a sample of secondary-level teachers and employment training specialists. Additionally, the frequency with which these professionals used assessment data to aid in decision making was determined. The results revealed that teachers and employment training personnel used a variety of assessment procedures to make transition decisions. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Vitamin D3 derivatives inhibit the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells

A number of vitamin D3 metabolites inhibit benzodiazepine- and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells. The inhibition is dose dependent and occurs at nM concentrations. The order of potency of these compounds is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 1,25,26-trihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 1,24R,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol greater than 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol greater than 25S,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The inhibition is maximal when the vitamin D3 analogs are added together with the inducer, and becomes progressively decreased with delayed addition. These results suggest that the vitamin D3 metabolites may play a regulatory role in erythropoiesis.     

Melatonin Receptors on Ovine Pars Tuberalis: Characterization and Autoradiographicai Localization

The functional significance of the pars tuberalis (PT) of the mammalian adenohypophysis has remained an enigma (1, 2). One view of its function is that it acts as an auxiliary gland to support the endocrine role of the pars distalis (PD) (2), as it has been shown to contain immunocytochemically identifiable thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs (1). Many of the cells of the PT are, however, ultrastructurally unique suggesting an independent function for this tissue. Our recent demonstration that the PT of the rat is a major binding site for the ligand iodomelatonin lends further support to this idea (3). We have utilized the highly specific ligand [¹²⁵l]melatonin, and have demonstrated that it binds exclusively, with very high affinity, to the PT but not the PD of the adult sheep adenohypophysis. These findings support the conclusion that the PT has a distinct role in relation to melatonin action and seasonal reproduction.     

AlphaV beta3 (αvβ3) integrin inhibition reduces leukocyte–endothelium interaction in a pressure-induced reperfusion model

The leukocyte-endothelium interaction is known to contribute to reperfusion injury, which is considered to participate in the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers, and integrin alphaV beta3 (alphavbeta3) has been shown to mediate the processes of cellular adhesion in various types of cells. This study aims to clarify leukocyte behavior in our original microcirculatory pressure-induced reperfusion model, which can visualize the microcirculation in vivo. We also estimated the effect of alphavbeta3 integrin inhibition on the reduction of the leukocyte-endothelium interaction. Mice with dorsal skinfold chambers were divided into three groups: the baseline group (n=6), in which animals received no compression; the compression-reperfusion group (n=6), in which animals underwent 2-hour compression of the dorsal skin, followed by release, and the inhibitor-treated group (n=7), in which an alphavbeta3 inhibitor, CP4715, was administered in addition to the compression-release procedure. Staining with rhodamine 6G quantitatively visualized leukocyte behavior under the intravital fluorescent microscope. Compression-reperfusion induced a significant increase in rolling, sticking, and extravasation of the leukocytes. Treatment with the inhibitor strikingly reduced leukocyte sticking and extravasation. The present experiment has provided evidence that alphavbeta3 inhibition reduces leukocyte-endothelium interaction in our original pressure-induced reperfusion model.