World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication‐induced salivary gland dysfunction

The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review of the pathogenesis of medication‐induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD). Review of the identified papers was based on the standards regarding the methodology for systematic reviews set forth by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine IV and the PRISMA statement. Eligible papers were assessed for both the degree and strength of relevance to the pathogenesis of MISGD as well as on the appropriateness of the study design and sample size. A total of 99 papers were retained for the final analysis. MISGD in human studies was generally reported as xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) without measurements of salivary secretion rate. Medications may act on the central nervous system (CNS) and/or at the neuroglandular junction on muscarinic, α‐and β‐adrenergic receptors and certain peptidergic receptors. The types of medications that were most commonly implicated for inducing salivary gland dysfunction were those acting on the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and alimentary systems. Although many medications may affect the salivary flow rate and composition, most of the studies considered only xerostomia. Thus, further human studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the association between MISGD and the underlying pathophysiology.     

STRESS FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL SHAFT IN MILITARY RECRUITS

Stress fractures amongst military recruits are limited to the lower extremities; yet involvement of the shaft of the femur is unusual. Seven such cases in a series of 352 stress fractures are presented. The importance of early recognition and management is emphasized with a view to prevent bony disruption in an otherwise easily treatable condition.KEY WORDS: Fractures stress, Femoral fractures     

Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: a review and report of 11 cases

Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is a benign ossifying diathesis of unknown etiology characterized by hyperostosis and soft-tissue ossification between the clavicles, anterior portion of the upper ribs, and manubrium, with variable hyperostosis or ankylosis in the spine and sacroiliac joints. Our cumulative experience with 11 cases is reported, with emphasis on radiographic features of the condition. Scintigraphic results in five patients and computed tomographic findings in one patient are presented. A review of the literature and our own material indicates that sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis may be more common than has been previously recognized.     

妊娠糖尿病妇女使用门冬胰岛素或常规人胰岛素在疗效、安全性方面的比较

在一项随机、平行分组的开放试验中，27例妊娠糖尿病妇女（年龄30．7±6．3岁，HbA1c〈7％）随机分为门冬胰岛素治疗组（餐前5分钟注射）和常规人胰岛素治疗组（餐前30分钟注射）。试验时间为从诊断妊娠糖尿病（18～28周）至产后6周。研究期间两组的总体血糖水平均控制良好（试验开始和结束时HbA1c≤6％）。进餐试验时，试验6周时的平均血糖水平（门冬胰岛素组4．2±0．57mmol／L，常规人胰岛素组4．8±0．86mmol／L）略低于试验0周时（门冬胰岛素组4．9±0．59mmol／L，常规人胰岛素组5．1±0．36mmol／L）。     

马兜铃酸的倍半萜的酯类化合物VI.绵毛马兜铃中马兜铃酸萜酯I的结构鉴定

从绵毛马兜铃(Aristolocha mannisima Hance)中分得一个马兜铃酸倍半萜的酯类化合物,经红外、紫外、高分辩质谱和多种一维和二维核磁共振谱鉴定,确定了其骨架结构及顺反构型,命名为马兜铃酸萜酯I。     

Detailed per-oral small bowel examination vs. enteroclysis. Part II: Radiographic accuracy

Accuracy of the detailed per-oral small bowel series and enteroclysis was compared in 134 patients known to have (or not have) disease of the small bowel. Overall sensitivity of the per-oral examination was 92% and specificity 94%, compared to 94% and 89%, respectively, for enteroclysis. There was no difference between the two in Crohn disease, adhesions, and metastatic disease; however, enteroclysis was thought to be more effective in delineating peritoneal adhesions in patients with obstruction. The authors conclude that while the per-oral study and enteroclysis are equally valid methods of examining the small bowel, the per-oral study is preferable as a screening examination because it requires less time, has fewer side effects, and involves a lower radiation exposure.