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51.
We examined differences in approaches to HIV-related infection control practices in two university teaching hospitals in the United States and Nigeria. Health care workers (n = 202 in Nigeria and 186 in the USA) responded to a previously validated measure of infection control practices. There were significant differences in the estimated probability of treating a person with HIV disease (higher in USA), and a greater probability of peer ridicule as a way of enforcing group norms on infection control in Nigeria. Peer enforcement of norms was significantly lower in the USA. In both countries, more precautions would be taken if it was known that the patient was HIV infected. Infection control practices were more likely to be followed in the USA compared with Nigeria if they were praised for this activity, if appropriate facilities (sharps containers, gloves, etc.) were nearby, and if they felt that infection control procedures were effective. These data point to the importance of normative social pressures in Nigeria and of knowing the patient is HIV infected in the USA and feeling that infection control procedures are effective ways of avoiding occupational HIV infection. The role of normative pressures and assumptions about HIV infection status as well as cues and availability of facilities for infection control appear to differ between these health care workers in Nigeria and the USA. 相似文献
52.
An increased frequency of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, II and III antigens in children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) has been reported. This frequency distortion, in some cases, is thought to affect the outcome of the disorder. We studied the phenotypic frequency of HLA antigens-A,-B, and-DR, as well as complement proteins Bf and C4 in an unrelated population of 25 SRNS children. Complete MHC haplotypes were also derived for four families in which 8 individuals developed SRNS. HLA-DR8, with a relative risk of 4.8, showed the strongest association with SRNS. Nonetheless, the 95% confidence intervals of this and the relative risks for all other antigens fell below 1.0. No common haplotype was found in SRNS patients in whom complete family studies were available, and disease and inheritance of the MHC were discordant in two of these families. In this study of well-characterized SRNS patients we were unable to discover a clear association between this disorder and the MHC. 相似文献
53.
阿片受体拮抗剂在TNF-α所致体温升高中的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探索细胞介素TNF-α升体温效应与下丘脑前部、视前区(POAH)中的阿片受体的关系。应用脑神经核团微量注射方法给自由状态下的雄性SD大鼠POAH区微量注射TNF-α致热源。给药前30min分别用通常阿片受体拮抗剂Nal(10~20μg)和特异性阿片受体μ、δ和κ的拮抗剂CTAP(1.0~2.5μg)、NTI(0.25~0.5μg)和nor-BNI(0.1~3μg)对POAH做预处理。结果:单独给TNF-α可致剂量相关的体温升高△T(1℃~1.4℃);经Nal10μg,CTAP1.0μg和NTI0.5μg处理后使TNF-α的升体温效应减弱;用Nal20μg,CTAP2.5μg和NTI0.25μg处理后可完全阻断TNF-α所致的体温升高;nor-BNI(0.1~3μg)对TNF-α的升体温效应无影响。 相似文献
54.
55.
Long-term follow-up of autoantibody profiles in black female lupus patients and clinical comparison with Caucasian and Asian patients 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
The aim was to determine whether the autoantibody profile in Black female
lupus patients is associated with clinical subsets, fluctuates over time
and/or reflects disease activity. A clinical comparison with Caucasian and
Asian patients matched for age of onset and disease duration was also
undertaken. Up to seven serial bleeds from Black female lupus patients who
had been followed up for periods of 3.15 yr were tested for antibodies to
Ro/SSA, La SSB. Sm, RNP and ribosomal P using ELISA research assays.
Significant differences in both clinical and serological profiles between
the ethnic groups were found. Varying aspects of disease activity were
linked to anti-DNA (renal, cardiovascular, global score), anti-ribosomal P
(musculoskeletal, haematology) and anti-Sm (general) antibodies. There are
differences in clinical and serological profiles amongst systemic lupus
erythematosus patients of different ethnic origin. However, using the BILAG
system, relatively few antibodies were found to reflect disease activity
accurately in serial measurements.
相似文献
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Matson GB; Twieg DB; Karczmar GS; Lawry TJ; Gober JR; Valenza M; Boska MD; Weiner MW 《Radiology》1988,169(2):541-547
Localized phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in humans has previously been accomplished with surface coils by means of depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy or rotating frame experiments, in which the extent of tissue sampled critically depends on surface coil placement. The authors' goal was to modify the surface coil image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) experiment to accomplish three-dimensional volume selection through application of selective pulses in the presence of B0 gradients. Advantages of ISIS include the ability to use proton images to define the volume of interest (VOI) and reduced dependence on exact positioning of the surface coil. However, rapid replication of the surface coil ISIS experiment can cause spectral contamination from signals originating outside the VOI. A modified version of the ISIS experiment was developed to alleviate contamination under conditions of rapid replication. Applications of localized P-31 MR spectroscopy for observation of high-energy phosphorus metabolites are presented in human liver, heart, and transplanted and normal kidney. 相似文献
60.
An unusual form of diarrhoea is reported that was relieved when breast feeding was stopped. Chromatography to estimate sugars in the faeces should be performed for all infants with unexplained diarrhoea before changes are made in the diet. 相似文献