Prefrontal cortex dysfunction and depression in atypical parkinsonian syndromes.

Depressive symptoms are common in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Imaging studies suggest that a disruption of frontal-subcortical pathways may underlie depression associated with basal ganglia disease. This pilot study tested the hypothesis that frontal dysfunction contributes to depression associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Depressed patients with MSA (n = 11), PSP (n = 9), and age-matched controls (n = 25) underwent measures of cerebral glucose metabolism applying positron emission tomography with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Regional metabolism in the patient groups was compared to the normal subjects using the voxel-based statistical parametric mapping. Depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Depression Rating) and degree of locomotor disability (Hoehn & Yahr) were assessed in the patient groups. The association between prefrontal metabolism and the occurrence of depressive symptoms and the degree of locomotor disability was investigated. When compared to controls, MSA patients revealed significant metabolic decreases in bilateral frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortex and in the left putamen. In PSP patients, significant hypometabolism was demonstrated in bilateral frontal cortex, right thalamus, and midbrain. Depression severity but not the patients' functional condition was significantly associated with dorsolateral prefrontal glucose metabolism in both patient groups. The findings of this pilot study support the hypothesis that depressive symptoms in MSA and PSP are associated with prefrontal dysfunction.     

Positive, negative, unknown: assumptions of HIV status among HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Serosorting (i.e., engaging in unprotected sex with partners known to be of the same serostatus) can be a difficult process for men who have sex with men (MSM) who frequently make assumptions about their partners' serostatus. This process can be further complicated by a partner's dishonesty as well as other individual and contextual factors. The present study specifically examined how assumptions of serostatus made about unknown serostatus partners impact on the sexual behavior of 110 alcohol-abusing HIV-positive MSM. Although previous research has shown that HIV-positive MSM are more likely to serosort with other known HIV-positive men than with known HIV-negative men, our data suggest that unprotected sex behavior may not be specifically driven by whether or not they made assumptions of seroconcordance or serodiscordance. The types of assumptions these HIV-positive MSM made about their unknown status sexual partners and the basis for such assumptions were also examined. Owing to the ambiguities involved in assumptions of a partner's serostatus in sexual encounters, the 'unknown status' partner category is analytically distinct from 'known status' categories, and needs to be more fully explored because of its impact on perceived serosorting, rather than actual serosorting, among HIV-positive men.     

Do respiratory symptoms predict job choices in teenagers?

Existing guidelines advise adolescents with asthma and allergies against high-risk occupations. The aim of the current authors' analyses was to investigate the resulting self-selection in a prospective cohort study. The participants of Phase II of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood in Germany (aged 9-11 yrs at baseline) were re-contacted after 7 yrs (response rate was 77%) and were asked to complete a questionnaire, which included items on atopic diseases. The subjects were also asked about the type of job they would like to have in the future (preferred job choice). Exposure to agents with potential asthma risk was evaluated using a job exposure matrix. The analyses were restricted to those in school-based vocational training programmes without occupational exposures. A total of 33% of subjects chose jobs with high asthma risk, 23% selected low asthma risk jobs and the remaining adolescents indicated jobs without known asthma risk (reference category). There were no statistically significant associations between asthma, allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis and selecting jobs with asthma risk. Participants with allergic rhinitis tended to select high risk jobs less frequently. In conclusion, self-selection into low risk jobs seems to play a minor role in teenagers with asthma or allergies.     

Bildgebende Diagnostik bei Verletzungen des Ellbogengelenks

Trauma und Berufskrankheit - Zusammenfassung Der Nachweis oder Ausschluss ossärer Verletzungen am Ellbogengelenk wird primär mit der Projektionsradiographie in 2 Ebenen geführt....     

Macrophage response to microtextured silicone

Seven different silicone surface textures were tested for effect on macrophage spreading and metabolic activity in vitro. Variables of the textured arrays that could modify spreading were determined to be the size, spacing between, depth, density, and orientation of the individual surface events and the roughness of the surfaces. Cells were influenced by the size of the events and the roughness of the surfaces more than any other variables. Cell morphology data, surface area and perimeter, could be divided into discrete regions that correlated well with the size of the events. Cell dimensions on 5μm textures were smallest while those on smooth silicone and glass surfaces were the largest. Surface texture events may be modifying contact guidance of the cells or interacting with specific transmembrane proteins to alter cell shape and function. The mitochondrial activity of cells attached to the textured silicones was determined by measuring the amount of reduced MTT directly through live cells. Cells on polystyrene (PS), 5VP and 8VP textures were metabolically more active than cells on the other textures. PMA was used to stimulate cells on the various textures. PMA-stimulated cells, on the smaller textures, 2VP, 5VP and 5CP, were less active than test cells that were not stimulated. The inability of PMA to stimulate these cells may be due to a structural alteration of protein kinase C. An hypothesis is introduced that includes a possible mechanism of how a micrometre-sized surface texture could modify cell function.     

Feasibility of near real-time image-guided sinus surgery using intraoperative fluoroscopic computed axial tomography.

OBJECTIVE: One of the main limitations of image-guided surgery is that navigation relies on the use of a CT scan obtained before surgery and is unable to be updated during the procedure. A software addition has been developed to allow reconstruction of CT-like images from a series of fluoroscopic scans and integrate these into an image-guided system (GE Healthcare Surgical Navigation, Lawrence, MA). We report our initial experience with a series of patients undergoing intraoperative fluoroscopic navigation in sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: After institutional review board clearance, we prospectively studied 14 consecutive patients undergoing image-guided sinus surgery with the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy. RESULTS: All patients had preoperative and postoperative fluoroscopic images reconstructed into CT-like images. By the conclusion of the study, images were adequate in quality and accurate navigation was achieved. CONCLUSION: Real-time image-guided sinus surgery using fluoroscopy is feasible. Future studies will need to focus on defining the procedures that could benefit, such as tumor resection, to enhance patient safety during these operations.     

Efficacy of interventions with caregivers: a reanalysis

This paper presents a reanalysis of data from a previously reported study with family caregivers of dementia patients using the method of prediction analysis. Compared with subjects on a waiting list or enrolled in support groups, caregivers in individual and family counseling were more likely to have successful outcomes on all dependent measures (Brief Symptom Inventory, personal strain, and role strain).     

The Balgrist Reference Center for Mesenchymal Tumors. The significance of a clinico-pathological tumor register

Compared to other forms of cancer, malignant mesenchymal tumors are rare: individual surgeons see few such patients and do not usually treat them personally. The radiologic and histologic problems of differential diagnosis, and the subtle distinction between benign and malignant make decision an onerous task for surgeons, orthopedists, pathologists, oncologists and radiotherapists. For this reason referral centers should enable oncologic working groups to confirm diagnoses, establish appropriate therapeutic schedules, and to help in follow-up patient care. Around 1970, a center was created at Balgrist University Orthopedic Clinic for the gathering, documentation and coordination of clinical and pathological data from patients with tumors and tumorous lesions of the skeleton and soft tissues. Subsequently, a circle of continuously collaborating specialists, including some from other institutions, formed about the register. The viability of the reference center is assured by unequivocal morphologic diagnosis; presence of the pathologist during the planning and procedure of the biopsy and other tumor-related interventions in the operating room; clinical investigations including the immediate availability of diagnostic procedures; charting all clinical data; and the clinic's follow-up of its own patients. Fully integrated in the Orthopedic Clinic and Polyclinic, the register is a major instrument in the treatment of patients at risk with tumor. Given the diversity of clinicopathological presentation, the register permits direct access to analogous situations in individual cases.