高精度腹腔热灌注治疗系统设备的开发研究

目的 介绍一种高精度腹腔热灌注治疗系统的总体设计原理及系统的总体构成方法.方法 高精度"BR-TRG-Ⅱ型腹腔热灌注治疗系统"由控制系统、外循环系统、热交换器、内循环系统4部分构成.从功能卜分为5个功能子系统:计算机主控子系统包括以AVR单片机为核心的主控制电路,数据采集和处理子系统,加热制冷子系统,循环子系统和报警子系统.结果 本系统具有专用计算机热疗软件,全程动态控制,可实现治疗参数设置、自适应温度控制、治疗数据显示、自动存储、报警等功能.动物实验及临床初步应用结果表明,该设备测温精度达±0.1℃,控温精度±0.16℃,腹腔液体灌注速度精确到5%,各项性能完全达到临床设计要求.结论 高精度"BR-TRG-Ⅱ型腹腔热灌注治疗系统"加温、恒温和降温完全达到临床设计要求,性能稳定、安全可靠、操作便利,便于临床推广应用.     

松果体母细胞瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨松果体母细胞瘤患者的临床和病理学特征,并复习相关文献.方法 与结果一例12 岁女性患者,无明显诱因头痛3年.头部MRI检查显示松果体区椭圆形等T1、等或低T2信号影,大小约2.70cm×2.00cm,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化.手术中可见肿瘤组织呈暗红色,边界尚清楚,有出血灶,分块切除肿瘤组织和包膜后第三脑室和侧脑室脑脊液通畅流出.光学显微镜观察肿瘤细胞呈弥散或片状密集排列,组织发生大片凝固性坏死;肿瘤细胞形态较小,细胞核呈圆形或不规则形,核深染、异型性明显、分裂象多见,细胞质极少、边界欠清晰;部分区域肿瘤细胞可见微小钙化灶、Homer-Wright菊形团结构和不典型的Flexner-Weinsteiner菊形团结构.免疫组织化学染色肿瘤细胞突触素、嗜铬素A 表达阳性;胶质纤维酸性蛋白、神经元核抗原表达阴性;Ki-67 抗原标记指数约20%.手术后随访6 个月,肿瘤无复发.结论 松果体母细胞瘤是临床少见的发生于松果体实质的幼稚分化肿瘤,以20 岁以下青年人高发,呈高度恶性,患者预后不良.     

Adults with cerebral palsy: a workshop to define the challenges of treating and preventing secondary musculoskeletal and neuromuscular complications in this rapidly growing population

Although the neurological injury associated with cerebral palsy (CP) is non-progressive, adults with the disorder often develop musculoskeletal and neurological symptoms, such as severe pain, chronic fatigue, and a premature decline in mobility and function, as they age. Little is known about how to manage, much less prevent, these symptoms. This paper summarizes the findings of a multi-disciplinary workshop, sponsored by the Cerebral Palsy International Research Foundation, the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, and Reaching for the Stars, convened to review current knowledge and begin to develop a blueprint for future research. The goals of the workshop were to (1) define the current incidence and prevalence of CP, (2) review the known complications for persons aging with CP, (3) review current understanding of physiological processes that may contribute to loss of function and premature aging in CP, (4) evaluate current treatment interventions in terms of long-term outcomes, (5) identify cutting-edge technologies in neurorehabilitation that may help prevent or treat the effects of accelerated aging for persons diagnosed with CP, and (6) identify strategies to ensure that individuals with CP receive evidence-based care as they transition from pediatric to adult-care services.     

Risk axis: Implementation of structured clinical guidelines for the assessment and management of risk in psychiatry

Introduction: Mental health clinicians routinely assess risk in three domains: suicide, violence and self neglect. While the published work on the assessment of these risks has increased, concerns are often expressed that assessment alone does not lead to management of the identified risk. Not all axes of multiaxial classificatory systems are used by clinicians to the same extent, despite their proven usefulness. It is possible that a dedicated axis for risk management as a part of a multiaxial classificatory system could align risk assessment with management and increase utility of multiaxial classificatory systems. Methods: Based on our earlier work we developed a comprehensive risk management axis (RMA), which was then further refined by conducting a pilot study and then used to collect data retrospectively from the case notes of 100 patients consecutively discharged from a general psychiatric ward. Results: Common association between risk factors and three risk domains were as follows. Violence: active symptoms of major mental illness, employment problems, and major mental illness; Suicide: history of abuse, clinically significant depressive symptoms, and alcohol and drug use; Self neglect: neglect of home, personal safety, noncompliance with treatment, male gender, and low income. We also investigated whether the presence of a particular risk factor acted as a barrier or prompt for clinicians to address management factors in the RMA. Discussion: It is possible to assess risk across the three domains and to derive management plans by using the proposed RMA. Minimal clinical background is necessary for collecting data retrospectively. It should be possible to apply this axis prospectively.     

帕米膦酸钠治疗甲状旁腺机能亢进高钙血症的疗效及安全性（附8例报告）

目的评价帕米膦酸钠治疗甲状旁腺功能亢进（PHPT）所致高钙血症的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2006-2010年解放军总医院住院的8例PHPT且使用帕米膦酸钠治疗患者入院后14d内的血钙、肌酐、白细胞水平及用药后不良反应。结果帕米膦酸钠用药后第1天即起效,平均血钙由4.02mmol/L降至3.58mmol/L,降低血钙最佳作用时间5-7d,血钙最大降幅为40.0%,其中5例血钙降至正常范围。不良反应：6例出现体温升高（最高39.5℃）,最早在用后24h内出现,持续2-5d,经对症治疗均能缓解;1例血白细胞降低至4.0×10^9/L以下;3例出现血肌酐轻度升高,2例出现膝关节、手指关节痛或肌痛。结论帕米膦酸钠治疗PHPT高钙血症起效快、持续时间长、不良反应轻微,是PHPT患者术前控制血钙的理想药物。     

Prevalence of Psychiatric Illnesses in Older Ethnic Minority Adults

OBJECTIVES: To compare lifetime and 12‐month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of older Latino, Asian, African‐American, and Afro‐Caribbean adults with that of older non‐Latino white adults. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study conducted in 2001 through 2004. SETTING: Urban and rural households in the contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand three hundred seventy‐five community‐dwelling residents aged 60 and older living in noninstitutional settings. Data are from the National Institutes of Mental Health Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies. METHODS: The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime and 12‐month psychiatric disorders. Bayesian estimates compared psychiatric disorder prevalence rates of ethnic and racial groups. RESULTS: Older non‐Latino whites exhibited a greater prevalence on several lifetime diagnoses than older Asian, African‐American, and Afro‐Caribbean respondents. Older Latinos did not differ from older non‐Latino whites on any lifetime diagnosis and had higher 12‐month rates of any depressive disorder. No differences were observed in the 12‐month diagnoses between older non‐Latino whites and the other racial and ethnic minority groups. Older immigrant Latinos had higher lifetime rates of dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) than U.S.‐born Latinos. Older immigrant Asians had higher lifetime rates of GAD than U.S.‐born Asians. Older immigrant Latinos had higher 12‐month rates of dysthymia than older U.S.‐born Latinos. CONCLUSION: Caution should be taken when generalizing the protective effects of ethnicity into old age. Older Asians and African‐Americans exhibited lower prevalence rates of some psychiatric disorders, whereas older Latinos exhibited rates equal to those of older non‐Latino whites. Also, the protective effect of nativity seems to vary according to age, psychiatric disorder, and ethnicity.     

Physicians' Views on the Importance of Patient Preferences in Surrogate Decision‐Making

OBJECTIVES: To explore the degree to which physicians report reliance on patient preferences when making medical decisions for hospitalized patients lacking decisional capacity. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional survey. SETTING: One academic and two community hospitals in a single metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred eighty‐one physicians who recently cared for hospitalized adults. MEASUREMENTS: A self‐administered survey addressing physicians' beliefs about ethical principles guiding surrogate decision‐making and physicians' recent decision‐making experiences. RESULTS: Overall, 72.6% of physicians identified a standard related to patient preferences as the most important ethical standard for surrogate decision‐making (61.2% identified advanced directives and 11.4% substituted judgment). Of the 73.3% of physicians who reported recently making a surrogate decision, 81.8% reported that patient preferences were highly important in decision‐making, although only 29.4% reported that patient preference was the most important factor in the decision. Physicians were significantly more likely to base decisions on patient preferences when the patient was in the intensive care unit (odds ratio (OR)=2.92, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.15–7.45) and less likely when the patient was older (OR=0.76 for each decade of age, 95% CI=0.58–0.99). The presence of a living will, prior discussions with the patient, and the physicians' beliefs about ethical guidelines did not significantly predict the physicians' reliance on patient preferences. CONCLUSION: Although a majority of physicians identified patient preferences as the most important general ethical guideline for surrogate decision‐making, they relied on a variety of factors when making treatment decisions for a patient lacking decisional capacity.     

Daily Variations in Objective Nighttime Sleep and Subjective Morning Pain in Older Adults with Insomnia: Evidence of Covariation over Time

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between objectively measured nocturnal sleep and subjective report of morning pain in older adults with insomnia; to examine not only the difference between persons in the association between sleep and pain (mean level over 14 days), but also the within‐person, day‐to‐day association. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional. SETTING: North‐central Florida. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty community‐dwelling older adults (mean age±standard deviation 69.1±7.0, range 60–90) with insomnia. MEASUREMENTS: Daily home‐based assessment using nightly actigraphic measurement of sleep and daily self‐report of pain over 14 consecutive days. RESULTS: Between persons, average sleep over 14 days was not associated with average levels of rated pain, but after a night in which an older adult with insomnia experienced above‐average total sleep time he or she subsequently reported below‐average pain ratings. The model explained approximately 24% of the within‐person and 8% of the between‐person variance in pain ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep and pain show day‐to‐day associations (i.e., covary over time) in older adults with insomnia. Such associations may suggest that common physiological systems underlie the experience of insomnia and pain. Future research should examine the crossover effects of sleep treatment on pain and of pain treatment on sleep.