Correlation of P-glycoprotein expression and function in childhood acute leukemia: a children's cancer group study

Clinical drug resistance may be attributed to the simultaneous selection and expression of genes modulating the uptake and metabolism of chemotherapeutic agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) functions as a membrane-associated drug efflux pump whose increased expression results in resistance to anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, vinca alkaloids, and some alkylating agents. This type of resistance occurs as both de novo and acquired resistance to therapy for leukemia. We have studied P- gp expression and function in childhood acute leukemias by developing a series of doxorubicin- and vincristine-selected CEM, T-cell lymphoblastoid cell lines that recapitulate the low levels of expression and resistance seen clinically. These cell lines have been used to develop flow cytometric assays for the semiquantitative measurements of P-gp expression with the MRK16 monoclonal antibody and P-gp function using the enhanced retention of rhodamine 123 in the presence of verapamil, a resistance modulator. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics, represented by the D measurement, are used to determine the difference in level of P-gp expression by comparing MRK16 staining to an IgG2a isotype control. When D is > 0.09, there is an excellent correlation (R = 0.82) between P-gp expression and function. The evaluation of 107 bone marrow specimens from 84 children with lymphoblastic or myelogenous leukemia showed a statistically significant (P = .004) increase in P-gp function at relapse. P-gp expression at relapse, however, approached but did not reach a significant level (P = .097). Using this methodology, we can identify patients with levels of P-gp expression and function that we can define clinically, as well as children with discordant multidrug resistance phenotypes. This study supports the role of P-gp-mediated drug resistance in childhood leukemia and confirms that P-gp expression and function are measurable in their leukemic blasts. These assays provide the means for the in vitro testing of resistance modulators and the monitoring of in vivo response to treatment with these agents.     

A method for simultaneous study of the karyotype, morphology, and immunologic phenotype of mitotic cells in hematologic malignancies

A major problem in the cytogenetic analysis of hematologic neoplasms has been an inability to identify the cell from which the chromosomes were obtained. We describe a procedure that allows simultaneous analysis of karyotype and cell cytology in mitotic cells. The method differs from conventional cytogenetic analysis in that after mild hypotonic treatment, the cells are cytocentrifuged onto glass slides. In mitotic cells, this procedure often results in adequate spread of the chromosomes within the intact cell membrane. The cytoplasmic structure also remains intact, so that cytologic preparations are of good quality. Morphologic and immunologic identification of mitotic cells can be done using routine hematologic stains, such as Giemsa or Sudan black B, and various antisera using immunofluorescence techniques. The chromosomes can be simultaneously analyzed either without banding on slides stained with Giemsa or with Q-banding on slides stained with immunofluorescence techniques. Identification of numerical and structural karyotype aberrations thus is possible in morphologically identified cells.     

Improving the Performance of Solution−Processed Quantum Dot Light−Emitting Diodes via a HfOx Interfacial Layer

One of the major obstacles in the way of high−performance quantum dot light−emitting diodes (QLEDs) is the charge imbalance arising from more efficient electron injection into the emission layer than the hole injection. In previous studies, a balanced charge injection was often achieved by lowering the electron injection efficiency; however, high performance next−generation QLEDs require the hole injection efficiency to be enhanced to the level of electron injection efficiency. Here, we introduce a solution−processed HfO_x layer for the enhanced hole injection efficiency. A large amount of oxygen vacancies in the HfO_x films creates gap states that lower the hole injection barrier between the anode and the emission layer, resulting in enhanced light−emitting characteristics. The insertion of the HfO_x layer increased the luminance of the device to 166,600 cd/m², and the current efficiency and external quantum efficiency to 16.6 cd/A and 3.68%, respectively, compared with the values of 63,673 cd/m², 7.37 cd/A, and 1.64% for the device without HfO_x layer. The enhanced light−emitting characteristics of the device were elucidated by X−ray photoelectron, ultra−violet photoelectron, and UV−visible spectroscopy. Our results suggest that the insertion of the HfO_x layer is a useful method for improving the light−emitting properties of QLEDs.     

Women worried about their familial breast cancer risk--a study on genetic advice in general practice

AIMS: To ascertain whether women who consulted their GP because they perceived themselves as at increased risk of familial breast cancer were indeed at increased risk, and to evaluate potential strategies for assessing genetic risk of breast cancer in general practice. METHODS: Sixty-seven out of 81 women who had consulted their GP for advice about their possible increased risk of developing breast cancer due to breast cancer in the family were interviewed. Familial breast cancer risk was assessed by a clinical geneticist. This assessment was compared with two recent guidelines for referral for genetic counselling. RESULTS: More than half (52%; n = 35) the women had a relative risk of two and over for developing breast cancer, while another half of these 35 (25%; n = 17) had a relative risk of three and over. All the women (n = 17) with a relative risk of three and over were identified by means of the two current guidelines for referral for genetic counselling, while more than half of the women (61%; n = 11) with a relative risk between two and three were identified. CONCLUSIONS: More than half the women concerned about their familial risk of breast cancer are indeed at increased risk of breast cancer. Current guidelines correctly identify women at high risk. However, doubts about the health gain and feasibility of referral warrant caution, and need further investigation.      

Complex regional pain syndrome 1 – the Swiss cohort study

Background  

Little is known about the course of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 1 and potential factors influencing the course of this disorder over time. The goal of this study is a) to set up a database with patients suffering from suspected CRPS 1 in an initial stadium, b) to perform investigations on epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and socioeconomics within the database and c) to develop a prognostic risk assessment tool for patients with CRPS 1 taking into account symptomatology and specific therapies.