Periscope for noninvasive two-photon imaging of murine retina in vivo

Two-photon microscopy allows visualization of subcellular structures in the living animal retina. In previously reported experiments it was necessary to apply a contact lens to each subject. Extending this technology to larger animals would require fitting a custom contact lens to each animal and cumbersome placement of the living animal head on microscope stage. Here we demonstrate a new device, periscope, for coupling light energy into mouse eye and capturing emitted fluorescence. Using this periscope we obtained images of the RPE and their subcellular organelles, retinosomes, with larger field of view than previously reported. This periscope provides an interface with a commercial microscope, does not require contact lens and its design could be modified to image retina in larger animals.OCIS codes: (170.0110) Imaging systems, (170.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices, (170.5755) Retina scanning, (180.4315) Nonlinear microscopy, (330.7327) Visual optics, ophthalmic instrumentation     

Does Nordic walking improves the postural control and gait parameters of women between the age 65 and 74: a randomized trial

[Purpose] To assess the effect of 12-weeks Nordic walking training on gait parameters and some elements of postural control. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-seven women aged 65 to 74 years were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into a Nordic Walking group (12 weeks of Nordic walking training, 3 times a week for 75 minutes) and a control group. In both study groups, a set of functional tests were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study: the Forward Reach Test (FRT) and the Upward Reach Test (URT) on a stabilometric platform, and the analysis of gait parameters on a treadmill. [Results] The NW group showed improvements in: the range of reach in the FRT test and the URT test in compared to the control group. The length of the gait cycle and gait cycle frequency also showed changes in the NW group compared to the control group. [Conclusion] A 12-week NW training program had a positive impact on selected gait parameters and may improve the postural control of women aged over 65 according to the results selected functional tests.Key words: Nordic walking, Postural control, Gait     

Renal Mechanisms of Association between Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 and Blood Pressure

The fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) gene is expressed primarily in the kidney and may contribute to hypertension. However, the biologic mechanisms underlying the association between FGF1 and BP regulation remain unknown. We report that the major allele of FGF1 single nucleotide polymorphism rs152524 was associated in a dose-dependent manner with systolic BP (P=9.65×10⁻⁵) and diastolic BP (P=7.61×10⁻³) in a meta-analysis of 14,364 individuals and with renal expression of FGF1 mRNA in 126 human kidneys (P=9.0×10⁻³). Next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that upregulated renal expression of FGF1 or of each of the three FGF1 mRNA isoforms individually was associated with higher BP. FGF1-stratified coexpression analysis in two separate collections of human kidneys identified 126 FGF1 partner mRNAs, of which 71 and 63 showed at least nominal association with systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Of those mRNAs, seven mRNAs in five genes (MME, PTPRO, REN, SLC12A3, and WNK1) had strong prior annotation to BP or hypertension. MME, which encodes an enzyme that degrades circulating natriuretic peptides, showed the strongest differential coexpression with FGF1 between hypertensive and normotensive kidneys. Furthermore, higher level of renal FGF1 expression was associated with lower circulating levels of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. These findings indicate that FGF1 expression in the kidney is at least under partial genetic control and that renal expression of several FGF1 partner genes involved in the natriuretic peptide catabolism pathway, renin-angiotensin cascade, and sodium handling network may explain the association between FGF1 and BP.     

The Importance of Interleukin 18, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Selenium Concentration Changes in Acute Pancreatitis

Cytokinemia and oxidative stress are important factors responsible for an inadequate immune response in the early course of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of the study was to evaluate the profiles of interleukin 18 (IL-18), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and selenium concentrations in serum with respect to AP severity and to study the relationships between these parameters and recognized prognostic indicators of AP severity. Prospective clinical analyses were performed on 61 patients with mild and severe forms of AP and for 15 healthy volunteers. In both forms of AP severity, the IL-18 concentration in the serum was significantly higher than in healthy controls. In the severe form of AP, the IL-18 concentration was the highest and exceeded significantly the values recorded on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 10th days of mild AP. A significantly lower GPx concentration in the serum was recorded in severe AP compared to the mild form and in the control group. There was a significantly lower selenium concentration in the severe form of AP. Significant correlations between GPx and selenium, between IL-18 and GPx, and between IL-18 and selenium were recorded. The ROC analysis shows a high prognostic accuracy of IL-18 and GPx concentrations in the determination of AP severity. IL-18 is released early in the course of AP and may be a key immunomodulator of the inflammatory response in the severe form of this disease. Low GPx and selenium concentrations in severe AP reflect the lower antioxidative ability in this form of AP. IL-18 and GPx may represent new indicators of AP severity.     

Sleep changes following statin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled polysomnographic trials

Introduction

Statin use might be associated with an increased risk of sleep disturbances including insomnia, but the evidence regarding sleep changes following statin therapy has not been conclusive. Therefore we assessed the impact of statin therapy on sleep changes through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Material and methods

We searched MEDLINE and SCOPUS up to October 1, 2014 to identify placebo-controlled RCTs investigating the effect of statin therapy on sleep changes. A meta-analysis was performed using either a fixed-effects or a random-effect model according to the I2 statistic. Effect size was expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Overall, the impact of statin therapy on polysomnography (PSG) indices of sleep was reported in 5 trials comprising 9 treatment arms. Overall, statin therapy had no significant effect on total sleep duration (WMD: –7.75 min, 95% CI: –18.98, 3.48, p = 0.176), sleep efficiency (WMD: 0.09%, 95% CI: –2.27, 2.46, p = 0.940), entries to stage I (WMD: 0.36, 95% CI: –0.91, 1.63, p = 0.580), or latency to stage I (WMD: –1.92 min, 95% CI: –4.74, 0.89, p = 0.181). In contrast, statin therapy significantly reduced wake time (WMD: –4.43 min, 95% CI: –7.77, –0.88, p = 0.014) and number of awakenings (WMD: –0.40, 95% CI: –0.46, –0.33, p < 0.001). Meta-regression did not suggest any correlation between changes in wake time and awakening episodes with duration of treatment and LDL-lowering effect of statins.

Conclusions

The results indicated that statins have no significant adverse effect on sleep duration and efficiency, entry to stage I, or latency to stage I sleep, but significantly reduce wake time and number of awakenings.     

A case of atlas assimilation: description of bony and soft structures

A case of atlas assimilation revealed during serial study of suboccipital region is presented. The specimen was harvested from the body of 31-year-old woman. Images of the computed tomography scans are correlated with classic dissection. Asymmetrical bony assimilation is accompanied by asymmetrical development of the suboccipital musculature. In the presented case, the atlantic segments of both vertebral arteries preserved their usual course between bony elements derived from the atlas and proatlas. Development of the soft tissues must be influenced by similar factors as development of the skeleton. Detailed radiologic studies, possibly with volumetric reconstructions, are necessary in cases of atlas assimilation before surgical interventions in the region of craniovertebral junction.     

Comparison of the sensitivity of coprological methods in detecting Anoplocephala perfoliata invasions

The autopsy of 487 slaughter horses revealed the presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in 36 animals. The invasions varied in the intensity (3 to 2,069 tapeworms) and in the level of tapeworms’ proglottid maturity. Twenty nine horses were found to contain tapeworms with gravid proglottid. Fecal samples collected from the rectum were tested using following techniques: flotation with solution-saturated NaCl, decantation, McMaster’s, and modified sedimentation-flotation methods (50 g feces samples, flotation solution-saturated NaCl and sucrose, specific gravity 1.25 g/ml). The number of A. perfoliata positive fecal samples was significantly higher using the sedimentation-flotation methods 21 (58.33 %) than flotation 6 (16.66 %), decantation 3 (8.33 %), and McMaster’s 1 (2.77 %) techniques. The sensitivities of the coprological methods during the patent period were 20.69, 10.34, 3.45, and 72.41 % for the flotation, decantation, McMaster’s, and sedimentation-flotation method, respectively. Sedimentation–flotation techniques proved to be more sensitive than other one. The lowest intensity of invasion possible to detect using this method was nine tapeworms with gravid proglottid.