Use of monoclonal antibodies as sensitive and specific probes for biologically active human gamma-interferon.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies B1 and B3 are specific for natural and Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). The two antibodies recognize different epitopes of the IFN-gamma molecule and do not compete with each other's binding. We have used these two antibodies to construct a solid-phase, sandwich immunoradiometric assay for human IFN-gamma. Purified antibody B1 was coated on polystyrene beads (0.64 cm in diameter) and used as the solid-phase immunoadsorbent and antibody B3 was labeled with 125I and used as tracer. This assay can be completed in about 4 hr and is capable of detecting IFN-gamma levels in human serum or tissue culture fluids as low as 0.1 NIH reference unit/ml. Recombinant human IFN-gamma derived from E. coli was detectable at a concentration of 0.02 ng/ml. The assay appears to be specific for the biologically active forms of IFN-gamma, since after exposure to pH 2, 37 degrees C, or 56 degrees C, biological activity and reactivity in the immunoradiometric assay decreased in parallel. The immunoradiometric assay can be employed for the analysis of the structural characteristics of the human IFN-gamma molecule.     

Goitrogenesis during pregnancy and neonatal hypothyroxinaemia in a borderline iodine sufficient area

OBJECTIVE: Severe iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) may have been eradicated in many parts of the world, but milder forms still exist and may escape detection. We evaluated the impact of pregnancy on the maternal and fetal thyroid axis in Hong Kong, a coastal city in southern China with borderline iodine intake. DESIGN: A prospective study performed in a maternity hospital. PATIENTS: Two hundred and thirty pregnant women were prospectively studied and their neonates assessed at birth. MEASUREMENTS: Urine iodine concentration, thyroid function tests and thyroid volume (TV) by ultrasound were determined in the mothers during pregnancy and up to 3 months postpartum and in the neonates. RESULTS: Increased urinary iodine concentration was seen from first trimester onwards and the proportion of women having urine iodine concentration of < 0.4 micromol/l decreased from 11.3% in the first trimester to 4.7% in the third trimester. There was progressive reduction in circulating fT4 and fT3 concentrations and free thyroxine index (FTI) with increasing gestation and the percentage of women having subnormal levels at term were 53.2%, 61.1% and 4.8%, respectively. The serum TSH concentration during pregnancy doubled towards term. In the first trimester, multiparous women had significantly larger TV than the nulliparous women (P < 0.001). By the third trimester, TV had increased by 30% (range 3-230%) so that the goitre incidence was 14.1%, 21.8%, 25.9% during the three trimesters of pregnancy, and 24.3% and 21.9% at 6 weeks and 3 months postpartum (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The change in thyroid volume during pregnancy correlated positively with the change in thyroglobulin (r = 0.225, P < 0.002) and negatively with urinary iodine concentration (r = - 0.149, P < 0.02). Fourteen women with excessive thyroidal stimulation in the second trimester (defined as those with thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations in the highest tertile and FTI in the lowest tertile) were found to have lower urine iodine concentrations and larger TV (both P < 0.005) throughout pregnancy, and their neonates had higher cord TSH (P < 0.05), Tg (P < 0.05) and slightly larger TV (P = 0.06) as compared to the findings in 216 pregnant women without evidence of thyroid stimulation. Seven neonates (50%) born to these women had subnormal fT4 levels at birth. CONCLUSION: In a borderline iodine sufficient area, pregnancy posed an important stress resulting in higher rates of maternal goitrogenesis as well as neonatal hypothyroxinaemia and hyperthyro- trophinaemia. An adequate iodization program is necessary to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders during pregnancy.     

Alcohol Modulation of Human Normal T-Cell Activation, Maturation, and Migration

We are interested in the characterization of the effects of alcohol on human T-cell activation, maturation, and migration, because this cell population is crucial in the initiation, regulation, and propagation of cellular immunity. We and others have described the effects of both acute and chronic exposure of human immune cells to ethanol (EtOH) in vitro. Herein, we briefly, review these reports and expand this body of literature with the inclusion of new data recently obtained in our laboratory. We confirm the blunting effects of EtOH on the production of interleukin-2 and mitogen proliferative response following T-cell mitogen stimulation, and on the expression of membrane markers of activation. We show that EtOH significantly alters the expression of the CD4 cell-associated marker of activation, CD26. We report the effect of EtOH on the expression of the homing receptor CD62L by CD4⁺ cells, and on their ability to adhere by a CD18-mediated process to a defined cellular substratum. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effects of EtOH and EtOH and 0-endor-phin pretreatment on the activation of CD4⁺ lymphocytes endowed with the homing receptor CD62L.     

Life events, daily stresses and coping in patients with Graves' disease

OBJECTIVE The contribution of stress to the aetiology of Graves' disease (GD) remains controversial. We have therefore examined life events, dally stress and coping in patients with this disease. We wished to determine whether the clinical presentation of Graves' hyperthyroidism is associated with preceding stressful events. DESIGN A prospective controlled study. Ninety-five patients with newly diagnosed GD were compared to matched controls. METHOD A self-reporting questionnaire recalling life events, dally stress and coping In the twelve months preceding the diagnosis. RESULT More Graves' disease patients than controls reported negative events (P<0·0005), whereas the number of subjects reporting positive events and neutral events were similar in both groups. Graves' disease patients also experienced more negative events (P<0·0001) and perceived them with higher ratings (P<0·0001). Each group had similar coping ability In terms of the number of coping methods and magnitude of utilization of these methods. Similarly, Graves' disease patients reported more dally hassle (P<0·0001) and had higher hassle scores (P<0·0001). CONCLUSION Patients with Graves' disease experienced greater psychological stress and adverse events prior to the onset of the disease. As stress may alter the immune system, it could play an important role in precipitating the disease in subjects predisposed to auto-immune thyroid disorders.     

Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces for real-time,proportional control of a Neuroprosthetic hand

Introduction

Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs) are biological constructs which amplify neural signals and have shown long-term stability in rat models. Real-time control of a neuroprosthesis in rat models has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to: a) design and validate a system for translating electromyography (EMG) signals from an RPNI in a rat model into real-time control of a neuroprosthetic hand, and; b) use the system to demonstrate RPNI proportional neuroprosthesis control.

Methods

Animals were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: (1) Control; (2) Denervated, and; (3) RPNI. In the RPNI group, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was dissected free, denervated, transferred to the lateral thigh and neurotized with the residual end of the transected common peroneal nerve. Rats received tactile stimuli to the hind-limb via monofilaments, and electrodes were used to record EMG. Signals were filtered, rectified and integrated using a moving sample window. Processed EMG signals (iEMG) from RPNIs were validated against Control and Denervated group outputs.

Results

Voluntary reflexive rat movements produced signaling that activated the prosthesis in both the Control and RPNI groups, but produced no activation in the Denervated group. Signal-to-Noise ratio between hind-limb movement and resting iEMG was 3.55 for Controls and 3.81 for RPNIs. Both Control and RPNI groups exhibited a logarithmic iEMG increase with increased monofilament pressure, allowing graded prosthetic hand speed control (R²?=?0.758 and R²?=?0.802, respectively).

Conclusion

EMG signals were successfully acquired from RPNIs and translated into real-time neuroprosthetic control. Signal contamination from muscles adjacent to the RPNI was minimal. RPNI constructs provided reliable proportional prosthetic hand control.

     

Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel mutation in the transglutaminase 6 gene for spinocerebellar ataxia in a Chinese family

Li M, Pang SYY, Song Y, Kung MHW, Ho S‐L, Sham P‐C. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel mutation in the transglutaminase 6 gene for spinocerebellar ataxia in a Chinese family. Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) constitute a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders. The transglutaminase 6 (TGM6) gene was recently suggested as a SCA causative gene in Chinese SCA families. In this study, two affected members of a three‐generation Chinese family with SCA characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and lower limb pyramidal signs were subjected to whole exome sequencing. Through bioinformatics analysis of the sequence variants in these two individuals, we identified a novel mutation in the TGM6 gene (c.1528G>C) which showed perfect co‐segregation with disease phenotype in all nine members of this family. This finding confirms that mutations in TGM6 gene represent an important cause of SCA in Chinese. This study also shows that whole exome sequencing of a small number of affected individuals, leveraged on bioinformatics analysis, can be an efficient strategy for identifying causative mutations in rare Mendelian disorders.     

Hygienic quality,adulteration of pork and histamine production by Raoultella ornithinolytica in milkfish dumpling

Ten milkfish dumpling products purchased from retail stores in southern Taiwan were collected to determine the occurrence of biogenic amines, histamine-forming bacteria, and adulteration of pork. This study showed the high contents of aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli in tested milkfish dumpling samples, whereas the average content of various biogenic amines in all tested samples was < 1.6 mg/100 g (< 0.05 to 1.54 mg/100 g). Three histamine-producing bacterial strains (2 isolates of Raoultella ornithinolytica and 1 isolate of Enterobacter aerogenes) isolated from tested samples produced 276.6 ppm to 561.8 ppm of histamine in trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1.0% L-histidine (TSBH). Assay of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that the adulteration rates were 50% (5/10) for pork in milkfish dumplings. In addition, milkfish dumpling stuffing was inoculated with R. ornithinolytica at 5.0 log colony forming units (CFU)/g and stored at various temperatures from 4°C to 37°C to investigate bacterial growth and formation of histamine. The histamine contents quickly increased to higher than 50 mg/100 g in samples stored at 37°C and 25°C within 24 hours and 36 hours, respectively, as well as stored at 15°C within 48 hours. Therefore, bacterial growth and histamine formation were controlled by cold storage of the samples at 4°C.