儿童入托期间首次上呼吸道感染前后咽部菌群及其药敏变化

目的 探讨健康学龄前儿童入托期间发生AURI前后咽部菌群及其药敏结果变化,为抗生素合理使用提供理论依据。方法 119名健康学龄前儿童在入托前体检时、入托48h后首次发生AURI时采集咽拭子标本行细菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验,分析发病前后咽部细菌构成比例及药物敏感性的变化。结果 91名儿童首次AURI发病后咽拭子培养分离2+及以上细菌菌株与入托前体检差别具有统计学意义(χ2=4.607,P=0.032)。发病前咽部定植菌主要有草绿色链球菌、黏膜炎莫拉菌、肺炎链球菌等,发病后新增乙型溶血性链球菌、大肠埃希菌、化脓性链球菌、光滑假丝酵母菌,仅乙型溶血性链球菌前后比例差别有统计学意义(χ2=7.280,P=0.014)。对半定量分析2+及以上的细菌行药敏试验后发现细菌对常见抗菌素不同程度耐药。分析数量前三位的草绿色链球菌、黏膜炎莫拉菌以及肺炎链球菌敏感结果,草绿色链球菌对头孢噻肟、黏膜炎莫拉菌对青霉素及头孢呋辛发病后药物敏感性较发病前下降具有统计学意义(P值分别为0.029、0.048、0.029),其余细菌前后药敏差异均无统计学意义。结论 儿童入托期间首次AURI后咽拭子培养细菌数量及种类较感染前明显增加,发病后细菌对常见抗生素耐药率加重,应重视规范抗生素的使用。     

香叶木素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及质量评价

目的 制备香叶木素固体脂质纳米粒并对其进行质量评价。方法 采用溶剂注入法制备香叶木素固体脂质纳米粒,用 Box-Benhnken效应面法优化处方,并通过包封率、微观形态、粒径分布和Zeta电位对香叶木素固体脂质纳米粒的质量进行评价。 结果 香叶木素固体脂质纳米粒最优处方组成：表面活性剂浓度3.39%,棕榈酸浓度0.116%,脂药质比为21:100,制备的香叶木素 固体脂质纳米粒外观澄清透明,带淡蓝色乳光;平均粒径为(91.73±3.18)nm(n=3),PDI为0.228,电位为(-11.46±0.74)mV(n=3);包 封率为95.13%,载药量为9.04%;透射电镜照片显示纳米粒大小均一,呈球形或类球形。 结论 该处方可用于香叶木素固体脂 质纳米粒的制备,工艺简单,稳定可行。     

药品管理行政责任与刑事责任创新及完善

目的： 研究规范适用新修订《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的行政责任与刑事责任。方法： 以《药品管理法》修订为视角,从药品管理行政责任与刑事责任的理论基础、实践运行的缺陷入手,借鉴其他国家和地区的立法模式。结果： 从实体上对药品管理行政责任与刑事责任各项制度进一步细化完善。结论： 行政责任、刑事责任构成药品管理法律责任的核心内容,新修订的《药品管理法》法律责任部分有了较大的变化,必须加强对药品管理法律责任的研究,细化完备各项制度,促进药品管理行政责任与刑事责任的有效实施。     

多黏菌素异质性耐药的研究进展及临床意义

由于抗菌药物的大量使用,细菌的耐药性不断产生。如今,多黏菌素已成为抗多重耐药菌,尤其是碳青霉烯类耐药革兰阴性菌感染的最后一道防线药物。然而近几年来关于多黏菌素耐药的报道不断增加,并且已有研究发现多黏菌素的异质性耐药现象。异质性耐药是细菌由敏感到耐药的中间过程,常规的临床检验无法有效检测出异质性耐药,这对临床治疗用药造成了巨大的威胁,造成患者的反复感染和用药失败。但对其机制的研究较少,目前发现的主要与染色体上脂多糖(LPS)相关基因的突变,耐药基因的不稳定扩增和外排泵系统有关。本文总结了细菌异质性耐药,尤其是多黏菌素异质性耐药的研究及其临床意义。     

河南省医用加速器多叶光栅小野输出因子验证测量方法研究

目的 调查放射治疗计划系统(TPS)计算的多叶光栅(MLC)小野输出因子,研究用0.015 cc电离室验证小野输出因子的测量方法。方法 在河南省选择8台可开展调强放射治疗的医用加速器,调查TPS计算的小野输出因子并与国际原子能机构(IAEA)推荐的出版值进行比。如果2 cm×2 cm照射野相对偏差超出IAEA要求的±3%,3 cm×3 cm、4 cm×4 cm、6 cm×6 cm照射野相对偏差超出IAEA要求的±2%,则用0.015 cc电离室和Unidos剂量仪进行测量验证。结果8台医用加速器的TPS计算小野输出因子与出版值比较,5台相对偏差符合IAEA要求,占调查总台数的62.5%,3台相对偏差超过IAEA要求,占调查总台数的37.5%。用针尖电离室测量验证,3台测量结果均符合IAEA要求。结论 河南省部分医用加速器TPS计算的MLC小野输出因子,需要现场实施小电离室测量修正,测量值作为制定放射治疗计划的依据。     

hs-CRP基因及rs1205基因多态性与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的分析并评价超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)基因及rs1205基因多态性与脑梗死的相关性。方法将我院神经内科急诊室2012年1月~2013年8月收治的113例中老年脑梗死患者作为观察组,以同期113例健康体检者作为对照组;通过免疫透射比浊法测定血清hs-CRP含量;以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)及限制性片段长度多态(RFLP)方法测定rs1205基因的多态性;采用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)量表评定神经功能。结果观察组与对照组的基因型频率与等位基因的分布趋势一致,差异不显著(P>0.05);重度患者的hs-CRP含量显著高于轻、中度两组(P<0.05);rs1205基因型与脑梗死病情程度未见相关性(P>0.05)。结论 hs-CRP含量与脑梗死患者病情密切相关,rs1205基因多态性与脑梗死发病之间未见相关性。     

MRI features of breast lymphoma: preliminary experience in seven cases

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate the imaging features of breast lymphoma using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

This retrospective study consisted of seven patients with pathologically confirmed breast lymphoma. The breast lymphomas were primary in six patients and secondary in one patient. All patients underwent preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and one underwent additional diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with a b value of 600 s/mm². Morphologic characteristics, enhancement features, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were reviewed.

RESULTS

On MRI, three patients presented with a single mass, one with two masses, two with multiple masses, and one with a single mass and a contralateral focal enhancement. The MRI features of the eight biopsied masses in seven patients were analyzed. On MRI, the margins were irregular in six masses (75%) and spiculated in two (25%). Seven masses (87.5%) displayed homogeneous internal enhancement, while one (12.5%) showed rim enhancement. Seven masses (87.5%) showed a washout pattern and one (12.5%) showed a plateau pattern. The penetrating vessel sign was found in two masses (25%). One patient with two masses underwent DWI. Both masses showed hyperintense signal on DWI with ADC values of 0.867×10⁻³ mm²/s and 0.732×10⁻³ mm²/s, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Breast lymphoma commonly presents as a homogeneously enhancing mass with irregular margins and displays a washout curve pattern on dynamic MRI. A low ADC value may also indicate a possible diagnosis of breast lymphoma.Breast lymphoma, which constitutes only 0.04%–0.5% of all breast malignancies (1), can be divided into primary or secondary breast lymphoma (2). The majority of breast lymphomas are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (3). The spontaneous regression of a breast lymphoma is rare and the five-year overall survival rate is 53% (1, 4). Early-stage identification and the use of radiotherapy are favorable prognostic factors, while mastectomy is associated with a poorer survival (1, 5). Therefore, a preoperative diagnosis of breast lymphoma would mean an earlier diagnosis and likely avoid unnecessary aggressive procedures.Previous studies demonstrated mammographic and ultrasonographic findings of breast lymphoma (6–8). Most lesions were high-density masses without spiculated margins and calcifications on mammography and noncircumscribed hypoechoic masses on ultrasonography (6–8). However, none were pathognomonic.Data on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of breast lymphoma are limited to some single case reports (4, 7, 9–19) and small sample size case series (8, 20–23). The morphology and time-signal intensity curve (TIC) of breast lymphoma on MRI are variable. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a functional imaging technique that is useful for distinguishing lymphoma from other malignant tumors in other systems (24, 25). However, to the best of our knowledge, the value of DWI in differentiating breast lymphoma from other malignant breast lesions has not been discussed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the MRI and DWI features of breast lymphoma.