色素性脉络膜黑素瘤动物模型建立的实验研究

目的　建立兔色素性脉络膜黑素瘤动物模型 ,以供人类研究眼黑素瘤新的治疗方法。方法　 4种黑素瘤细胞株 (B16F10 ,RPMI 184 6 ,OCM1andIIB)种植于 2 0 6只大白兔眼中以建立脉络膜黑素瘤 ,其中 172只动物注射环孢菌素A (Cyclosporine)进行免疫抑制 ,34只作为对照。肿瘤碎片 (或细胞悬液 )经巩膜种植于兔眼脉络膜下腔 ,用间接眼底镜、超声和眼底照像进行观察。结果　 4种黑素瘤细胞生长各异 ,其中B16F10 和RPMI 184 6生长较快 ,典型肿瘤生长 3～ 4mm需 2～ 3周 ,OCM1和IIB生长缓慢。肿瘤生长的位置和形状与种植的肿瘤碎片或细胞悬液有密切关系。结论　兔色素性脉络膜黑素瘤的建立 ,将为人们研究眼黑素瘤新的治疗办法提供更适合的动物模型。     

An assessment of the construct validity of the descriptive system for the ICECAP capability measure for older people

BACKGROUND: The index of capability (ICECAP) was developed using in-depth interviews with 40 older people and comprises five attributes: attachment, security, enjoyment, role and control. This paper explores the construct validity of these five capability attributes. METHODS: An interview survey was conducted with individuals aged 65 and over located across the UK. Data were analysed in six categories (socio-demographic variables and general well-being, contact with others, health, nature of the locality and environment, social support and participation) using chi-squared tests (for categorical variables) or one-way analysis of variance (for continuous variables). RESULTS: About 315 individuals were interviewed (response rate 66%). Relationships were generally as anticipated with, for example: strong relationships between age and capability and well-being and capability, but no relationships between capability and either sex or social class; strong relationships between physical measures of health and role, enjoyment and control, and between mental health measures and attachment and enjoyment. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides some early evidence for the construct validity of the ICECAP measure. Where anticipated relationships were not observed this might in part be explained in that the ICECAP index asks about capability, but the factors with which associations were examined were largely and inevitably measures of function.     

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization treatments on pathogen inactivation

Circulation of Cryptosporidum and Giardia in the environment can be facilitated by spreading of sewage sludge on agricultural or livestock grazing lands or depositing in landfills. Solid waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge samples were quantitatively tested for C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts, and G. lamblia cysts by the combined multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) method. Subsequently, the effects of four sanitization treatments (i.e., ultrasound and microwave energy disintegrations, and quicklime and top-soil stabilization) on inactivation of these pathogens were determined. The landfill leachate samples were positive for Giardia, and sewage sludge samples for both Cryptosporididium and Giardia. The overall concentration of G. lamblia cysts (mean; 24.2/g) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the concentration of C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts (mean; 14.0/g). Sonication reduced the load of G. lamblia cysts to non-detectable levels in 12 of 21 samples (57.1%), and in 5 of 6 samples (83.3%) for C. parvum and C. hominis. Quicklime stabilization treatment was 100% effective in inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and microwave energy disintegration lacked the efficacy. Top-soil stabilization treatment reduced gradually the load of both pathogens which was consistent with the serial dilution of sewage sludge with the soil substrate. This study demonstrated that sewage sludge and landfill leachate contained high numbers of potentially viable, human-virulent species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and that sonication and quicklime stabilization were the most effective treatments for sanitization of sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachates.     

Gender differences in outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft

BACKGROUND: It is now well documented that women are more likely to suffer anterior cruciate ligament injuries than are men. A few studies have examined gender differences in the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon graft and hamstring tendon with EndoButton fixation, but no well-controlled studies have specifically compared men and women after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft and interference screw fixation. HYPOTHESIS: There is no difference in outcome between men and women after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft and interference screw fixation. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: There were 100 men and 100 women who underwent isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by a single surgeon. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 7 years after surgery. Variables were compared between female and male patients. RESULTS: Laxity on physical evaluation was greater in women than in men on Lachman (P = .04), pivot-shift (P = .05), and mean manual maximum testing (P = .05) at 7 years. However, the magnitude of this difference was small. No patient had a greater than grade 1 Lachman or pivot-shift test result, and the mean difference between men and women was 0.6 mm on instrumented testing. Anterior cruciate ligament graft rupture occurred in 11 men and 10 women. There was no difference between male and female patients for self-reported knee function or symptoms of instability or radiologic examination. CONCLUSION: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft affords excellent self-reported and objective results in both men and women after 7 years. Although significantly greater laxity on physical examination was present in female patients than in male patients, the magnitude of this difference was small and had no effect on activity level, graft failure, or subjective or functional assessment.     

Illness and infection in elite full-contact football-code sports: A systematic review

ObjectivesFull-contact football-code team sports offer a unique environment for illness risk. During training and match-play, players are exposed to high-intensity collisions which may result in skin-on-skin abrasions and transfer of bodily fluids. Understanding the incidence of all illnesses and infections and what impact they cause to time-loss from training and competition is important to improve athlete care within these sports. This review aimed to systematically report, quantify and compare the type, incidence, prevalence and count of illnesses across full-contact football-code team sports.Design/methodsA systematic search of Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and CINAHL electronic databases was performed from inception to October 2019; keywords relating to illness, athletes and epidemiology were used. Studies were excluded if they did not quantify illness or infection, involve elite athletes, investigate full-contact football-code sports or were review articles.ResultsTwenty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria. Five different football-codes were reported: American football (n = 10), Australian rules football (n = 3), rugby league (n = 2), rugby sevens (n = 3) and rugby union (n = 9). One multi-sport study included both American football and rugby union. Full-contact football-code athletes are most commonly affected by respiratory system illnesses. There is a distinct lack of consensus of illness monitoring methodology.ConclusionsFull-contact football-code team sport athletes are most commonly affected by respiratory system illnesses. Due to various monitoring methodologies, illness incidence could only be compared between studies that used matching incidence exposure measures. High-quality illness surveillance data collection is an essential component to undertake effective and targeted illness prevention in athletes.     

Feasibility of an accelerated PVAL method for the collection of GSR and biological traces

International Journal of Legal Medicine - The polyvinyl alcohol method (PVAL) is known as an effective technique to thoroughly collect traces of gunshot residue (GSR) from different surfaces, e.g.,...     

Arterio-Ureteric Fistula Following Iliac Angioplasty

Arterio-ureteric fistulae are rare but can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We describe a novel case in which an arterio-ureteric fistula occurred as a complication following external iliac artery angioplasty and stenting, in a patient who had undergone previous pelvic surgery, radiotherapy, ureteric stenting, and urinary diversion surgery. Prompt recognition enabled successful endovascular management using a covered stent.     

Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: the socioeconomic context

Background

Low socioeconomic position predicts risk of substance abuse, yet few studies tested the role of preexisting familial and individual characteristics.

Methods

Data come from the TEMPO (Trajectoires Epidémiologiques en Population) study (community sample in France, 1991–2009, n = 1103, 22–35 years in 2009) set up among offspring of participants of an epidemiological study (GAZEL). Past 12-month substance use was assessed in 2009 by self-completed mail survey: regular tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse (AUDIT), cannabis use, problematic cannabis use (CAST), other illegal drug use. Socioeconomic position was defined by educational attainment, occupational grade, employment stability and unemployment. Covariates included demographics (age, sex, relationship status, parenthood), family background (parental income, parental tobacco smoking, parental alcohol use), and juvenile characteristics (psychological problems, academic difficulties) measured longitudinally.

Results

35.8% of study participants were regular smokers, 14.3% abused alcohol, 22.6% used cannabis (6.3% had problematic cannabis use) and 4.1% used other illegal drugs. Except for alcohol abuse, substance use rates were systematically higher in individuals with low, rather than intermediate/high, socioeconomic position (age and sex-adjusted ORs from 1.75 for cannabis use to 2.11 for tobacco smoking and 2.44 for problematic cannabis use). In multivariate analyses these socioeconomic disparities were decreased, but remained statistically significant (except for illegal drugs other than cannabis).

Conclusions

Tobacco smoking, alcohol, cannabis and polysubstance use are common behaviors among young adults, particularly those experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. Interventions aiming to decrease substance abuse and reduce socioeconomic inequalities in this area should be implemented early in life.