Association between vitiligo and subsequent risk of dementia: A population‐based cohort study

Increasing evidence suggests a positive association between autoimmune disorders and the subsequent risk of dementia, supporting the idea that neuroinflammation is a major contributor to dementia. However, whether or not adults with vitiligo have an increased risk of dementia remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between vitiligo and the subsequent risk of dementia. A total of 1320 patients with vitiligo and 5280 matched controls were identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 1998 and 2011. Dementia was diagnosed by board‐certificated psychiatrists or neurologists in the follow‐up period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) after controlling for age, sex, income‐related monthly premium, residence and comorbidities associated with dementia. The incidence rate of dementia (per 100 000 person‐years) was 502.8 among patients with vitiligo and 101.9 among the controls. Patients with vitiligo were more likely to develop any type of dementia (aHR, 5.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.30–8.51), Alzheimer’s disease (aHR, 12.22; 95% CI, 3.71–40.28) and vascular dementia (aHR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.31–12.15) compared with the controls. In conclusion, middle‐aged and old patients with vitiligo are more likely to develop dementia compared with those without vitiligo. This novel finding reminds physicians to be more careful about signs of dementia when managing patients with vitiligo and provides the basis for further investigations that clarify the underlying mechanisms.     

老年糖尿病患者维生素D与握力和肌肉质量相关性研究

目的研究老年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者维生素D水平与肌肉质量和握力的相关性。方法选取2016年5月至2018年1月入住宣武医院内分泌科年龄≥60岁的2型糖尿病患者201例进行前瞻性研究,根据25羟维生素D[25-hydroxyvitamin D,25(OH)D]水平分为维生素D缺乏组[25(OH)D<20μg/L]140例和非缺乏组[20μg/L≤25)(OH)D<70μg/L]61例,测定患者握力、步速及上下肢肌肉质量。并进行体格检查和实验室检查。结果两组患者实验室各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。维生素D非缺乏组患者的握力、上肢及下肢肌肉含量显著高于缺乏组[(33.49±9.43)kg与(29.59±10.30)kg、(4.99±1.09)kg与(4.57±1.11)kg、(15.69±3.10)kg与(14.54±3.03)kg,P值分别为0.010、0.015、0.017]。多因素Logistic回归分析显示维生素D缺乏与握力减低及下肢肌肉质量下降独立相关(OR=1.286,95%CI:1.197~1.346,P<0.01;OR=1.231,95%CI:1.102~1.283,P<0.05)。结论维生素D缺乏是老年2型糖尿病患者握力减低及下肢肌肉质量下降的危险因素。     

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??OBJECTIVE To prepare ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) solid dispersion by atoping a new technology to increase the solubility of G-Rg3. METHODS Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) was selected as the carrier to prepare G-Rg3 solid dispersion. The G-Rg3 solid dispersion was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The equilibrium solubility of G-Rg3 and G-Rg3 solid dispersion were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The G-Rg3 solid dispersion was successfully prepared. The solubility of G-Rg3 solid dispersion in the weak acid medium (pH 5.5 and 6.4) designed to simulate human duodenum and jejunum was significantly higher than that of G-Rg3. CONCLUSION The preparation method of G-Rg3 solid dispersion is simple, economic, and practical, which can obviously increase the of solubility of G-Rg3.     

Introduction of a Cys360Tyr Mutation in ANO5 Creates a Mouse Model for Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia

Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by the osteosclerosis of tubular bones and the formation of cemento-osseous lesions in mandibles. Although genetic mutations for GDD have been identified in the ANO5/TMEM16E gene, the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of GDD remain unclear. Here, we generated the first knock-in mouse model for GDD with the expression of human mutation p.Cys360Tyr in ANO5. Homozygous Ano5 knock-in mice (Ano5^KI/KI) replicated GDD-like skeletal features, including massive jawbones, bowing tibia, bone fragility, sclerosis, and cortical thickening of the femoral and tibial diaphysis. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were elevated in Ano5^KI/KI mice as in GDD patients with p.Cys360Tyr mutation. Calvaria-derived Ano5^KI/KI osteoblast cultures showed increased osteoblastogenesis, including hypermineralized bone matrix and enhanced bone formation-related factors expression. Interestingly, Ano5^KI/KI bone marrow-derived macrophage cultures showed decreased osteoclastogenesis, and Ano5^KI/KI osteoclasts exhibited disrupted actin ring formation, which may be associated with some signaling pathways. In conclusion, this new mouse model may facilitate elucidation of the pathogenesis of GDD and shed more light on its treatment. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

Fibrous Cyst of the Chordae Tendineae of the Mitral Valve: Echocardiographic Appearance and Literature Review

Fibrous cyst of the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve (MV) is defined as a fibrous cyst arising from the chordae tendineae of the MV. It is extremely rare and its etiology is not clear. We present a case of a cystic structure within the left ventricle. This structure is connected to the anterior MV leaflet and the posterior chordae tendineae. It moves freely, resulting in stenosis of inflow tract and outflow tract of the left ventricle. Intraoperative assessment and histopathologic examination revealed it as a fibrous cyst. Its echocardiographic appearance is unique and it must be resected immediately.