Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder is Characterized by a Lack of Adaptive Coping Rather than an Excess of Maladaptive Coping

The present study aimed to elucidate the profile of coping in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in order to discern whether the disorder is characterized by an excess of maladaptive coping skills and/or a lack of adaptive coping skills. Sixty individuals with OCD were compared with 110 individuals with depression and 1050 nonclinical controls on the Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Styles Questionnaire (MAX). Psychopathology was assessed with the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), the Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9). Individuals with OCD and depression displayed more maladaptive coping and avoidance as well as less adaptive coping than nonclinical controls. Importantly, adaptive coping was significantly lower in individuals with OCD than in those with depression at a medium effect size, whereas the clinical groups were indistinguishable on maladaptive coping and avoidance. Lack of adaptive coping was strongly correlated with resistance to symptoms and poor insight in OCD (Y-BOCS), even after controlling for depression. Lack of adaptive coping skills may represent a specific pathogenetic factor in OCD. Longitudinal studies need to clarify whether strengthening adaptive skills during childhood and adolescence may help to prevent the progression from subclinical to manifest OCD.     

Predictors for Employment Status in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A 10-Year Longitudinal Observational Study

Objective

To identify predictors for employment status after 10 years in a cohort of people with multiple sclerosis (MS), with the aim to increase knowledge concerning factors present at an early stage that are important for working life and work-life balance.

Unmet Palliative Care Needs Among Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease: A National Registry Study About the Last Week of Life

Context

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is characterized by high physical and psychological burden, and therefore, more knowledge about the palliative care provided close to death is needed.

Problem-based learning in occupational therapy curriculum – implications and challenges

Purpose: Problem-based learning (PBL) is an educational method that fosters self-directed study in small groups. The purpose of this study was to describe the Tel Aviv University’s occupational therapy (OT) program and the challenges implementing such program. In addition, the study compared the PBL grades obtained by students who are native Hebrew speakers with those students who are native Arabic speakers; and, assessed the correlation between the grades in the PBL course and the grades in the clinical fieldwork studies.

Method: 166-second year OT undergraduate students participated. All completed three PBL courses and seven weeks of clinical fieldwork studies. Data collection included students’ grades in PBL course (based on PBL evaluation forms) and in clinical fieldwork studies (based on preceptor’s evaluation and a written assignment).

Results: Pearson correlations revealed significant correlations between PBL grades and clinical fieldwork studies grades. T-test analysis between students who are native Hebrew speakers and those who are native Arabic speakers revealed significant differences in PBL grades.

Conclusions: Findings imply partial congruence between students’ grades in the PBL course and their achievements in the fieldwork studies. Findings might suggest that adjustments should be made in order to assist students from minorities (challenged by language requirements) in gaining higher grades in the PBL program.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an educational method, which fosters independent, self-directed study in small groups.

• PBL studies have the potential to prepare students for their clinical experience during studies.

• The PBL program should be adjusted for students from minorities (challenged by language requirements and different cultural backgrounds) in order to assist them in gaining more benefits from the program.

     

Direct measurements of the permeability surface area for insulin and glucose in human skeletal muscle

To elucidate mechanisms regulating capillary transport of insulin and glucose, we directly calculated the permeability surface (PS) area product for glucose and insulin in muscle. Intramuscular microdialysis in combination with the forearm model and blood flow measurements was performed in healthy males, studied during an oral glucose tolerance test or during a one-step or two-step euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. PS for glucose increased significantly from 0.29 +/- 0.1 to 0.64 +/- 0.2 ml/min.100 g after oral glucose tolerance test, and glucose uptake increased from 1.2 +/- 0.4 to 2.6 +/- 0.6 micro mol/min.100 g (P < 0.05). During one-step hyperinsulinemic clamp (plasma insulin, 1.962 pmol/liter), PS for glucose increased from 0.2 +/- 0.1 to 2.3 +/- 0.9 ml/min.100 g (P < 0.05), and glucose uptake increased from 0.6 +/- 0.2 to 5.0 +/- 1.4 micro mol/min.100 g (P < 0.05). During the two-step clamp (plasma insulin, 1380 +/- 408 and 3846 +/- 348 pmol/liter), the arterial-interstitial difference and PS for insulin were constant. The PS for glucose tended to increase (P = not significant), whereas skeletal muscle blood flow increased from 4.4 +/- 0.7 to 6.2 +/- 0.8 ml/min.100 ml (P < 0.05). The present data show that PS for glucose is markedly increased by oral glucose, whereas a further vasodilation exerted by high insulin concentrations may not be physiologically relevant for capillary delivery of either glucose or insulin in resting muscle.