The Role of the Orienting Response in the Anticipation of Information: A Skin Conductance Response Study

Theoretical positions concerning the role of the orienting response (OR) in information-processing and attention have viewed the OR either as indexing an active increase in information-processing efficiency, or as passively reflecting the results of information processing. This paper reports a skin conductance response (SCR) study of a two-stimulus anticipation experiment, where a warning stimulus (WS) informed subjects of the nature of an impending imperative stimulus (IS). The subjects' task was to identify as much of the IS as possible. Both the WS and the IS varied in information content and stimulus duration. SCR magnitude in the WS-IS interval varied according to the anticipated information processing requirements and was more sensitive to IS variation than WS variation. It is concluded that these responses index an anticipatory, activating process closely related to that suggested of the OR by Sokolov (1966), and consonant with the functional characteristics of the autonomic nervous system. Registration of information appears to be neither a necessary determinant of OR magnitude, nor a parsimoniously useful part of OR theory.     

Psychopathology in individuals with post-traumatic headaches and other pain types

In this study, the psychological functioning of patients with chronic post-traumatic headache (PTH), chronic combination headache and chronic low back pain without headache, whose time of onset was similar, and a matched group of controls was investigated. The Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (STAI-Y), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess the degree of psychopathology. A MANOVA test indicated highly significant differences between groups. In general, the pain groups fell along a continuum with PTH subjects demonstrating the highest elevations, back pain subjects demonstrating the next highest elevations, and combination subjects demonstrating fewer elevations. A cluster analysis indicated that findings were best classified into four clusters, but no one pain diagnosis predominated in any cluster. Eighty-nine percent of controls were assigned to clusters 1 or 2, which revealed essentially normal scores on all tests. It is suggested that while chronic pain patients demonstrate more psychopathology than non-pain controls, a variety of coping styles exists within each pain group independent of diagnostic categorization.     

骨关节炎大鼠关节软骨修复与橄榄叶提取物的干预效应

目的:观察橄榄叶提取物对白陶土及鹿角菜胶诱导的大鼠骨关节炎组织炎症的预防作用及对关节软骨的修复作用。方法:试验于2005-11/12在大连医科大学中日合作医药科学研究所进行。实验动物:选择健康雄性SD大鼠80只。实验材料:受试物橄榄叶提取物[由日本国Eisai食品与化学有限公司(日本国东京市)提供]。实验分组及给药:按体质量将大鼠随机分为5组,每组16只。模型对照组,灌胃给予蒸馏水,消炎痛组,灌胃给予消炎痛2mg/kg体质量,其余3组为橄榄叶提取物组,分别给予橄榄叶提取物(活性成分为以羟基酪醇为主的多酚)25,50,100mg/kg体质量灌胃,连续5d。第1天给药后1h,采用白陶土与鹿角菜胶诱发大鼠单发亚急性关节炎。实验评估:①诱发关节炎后1,3,5d,用容积测量法测定每组8只大鼠的左右后肢足跖体积,计算肿胀度,并同时用游标卡尺测定其胫跗骨关节最大径。②诱发关节炎后第5天,测定大鼠足跖伊文思蓝含量。每组的另8只大鼠,在诱发关节炎第5天麻醉后处死,剪下右足跖做组织病理学检查,观察橄榄叶提取物对大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症的预防作用及对关节软骨的修复作用。结果:80只大鼠全部进入结果分析。①足跖肿胀度及胫跗骨关节径:诱发关节炎后1,3,5d,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg组和100mg/kg组大鼠的右后足跖肿胀度均明显小于模型对照组大鼠[1d:(46.7±4.2)%,(44.8±6.8)%,(52.5±4.0)%;3d:(40.4±4.8)%,(37.4±5.7)%,(45.0±2.9)%;5d:(34.5±4.8),(31.7±5.3)%,(40.4±4.0)%,P<0.05],橄榄叶提取物25mg/kg体质量组,50mg/kg体质量组,100mg/kg体质量组大鼠的右后胫跗骨关节径与模型对照组大鼠比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②足跖伊文思蓝含量:诱发关节炎后第5天,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg,100mg/kg组大鼠的右后足跖伊文思蓝含量均明显小于模型对照组大鼠(P<0.05)。③组织病理学检查及评分:组织病理学检查可见,与模型对照组比较,橄榄叶提取物50mg/kg组,100mg/kg组大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症浸润明显减少,软骨组织无破坏,且组织病理学评分也明显小于模型对照组(P<0.05)。结论:橄榄叶提取物在50mg/kg体质量及以上剂量能有效地预防白陶土与鹿角菜胶诱发的大鼠骨关节炎中组织炎症,且对软骨有修复作用。     

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白A1在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其受控特点

目的:分析腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白A1(ATP binding cassette transport proteion A1,ABCA1)在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其受控机制。资料来源:以“腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白A1”为检索词,应用计算机在Pubmed、中文全文数据库CNKI中检索2000-01/2006-11腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白A1与人有关的期刊文献,前者限定语言种类为英文,后者限定语言种类为中文。资料选择:对英文文献390篇、中文文献58篇初审。纳入标准:①与ABCA1结构及功能有关的文献。②与核受体有关的文献。③与载脂蛋白AⅠ有关的文献。④与ABCA1基因的突变、单核苷酸多态性有关的文献。⑤ABCA1蛋白、核受体、ABCA1基因的突变、单核苷酸多态性与动脉粥样硬化有关的文献。排出标准:①与哮喘、癌症、代谢性疾病有关的文献。②相关文献中内容相似的文献。③综述文献。资料提炼:选取3篇涉及ABCA1结构、功能的基础内容;18篇涉及与核受体的内容;2篇涉及载脂蛋白AⅠ的内容;7篇涉及ABCA1基因的突变、单核苷酸多态性的内容;9篇涉及ABCA1蛋白、核受体、ABCA1基因的突变、单核苷酸与动脉粥样硬化的内容。其中30篇列为参考文献。资料综合:分析了腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1的结构和功能的基本情况;文献显示腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1在动脉粥样硬化发病过程中起重要作用;核受体对腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1的表达有调节,且腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1受基因调控。结论:腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1可能是与动脉粥样硬化密切相关的重要候选基因;深入探讨其机制,有利于开发新药防治动脉粥样硬化。     

AGTR1基因A10208G位点多态性与宁夏地区2型糖尿病与健康人的相关性

目的:糖尿病与心血管疾病可能存在着共同的遗传基础,AT1基因可能是心血管疾病与糖尿病共同的候选基因,人类编码AT1受体基因是AGTR1基因。分析2型糖尿病与健康者AGTR1基因A10208G位点多态性与胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能之间的关系。方法:选择2005-03/2007-03于银川市第一人民医院内分泌科住院新诊断的2型糖尿病患者127例,符合1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准,男68例,女59例,平均(54.86 11.05)岁,伴有腹型肥胖的2型精尿病患者105例,不伴有腹型肥胖的2型糖尿病患者22例,所有患者均自愿参加本实验,实验经医院伦理委员会批准。健康对照组人群来自宁夏地区的健康志愿者224名,男117名,女107名,平均(56.68 11.39)岁。所有对象均无血缘关系,且两组人群在性别和年龄上均匹配,各项参数之间无统计学意义。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术分析105例伴有肥胖2型糖尿病患者,22例不伴肥胖的2型糖尿病患者及224例健康对照者AGTR1基因A10208G位点多态性,并测定相应生化指标进行分析。结果:351名受试者均进入结果分析。①腹型肥胖糖尿病组AGTR1基因A10208G位点基因型分布和等位基因频率与健康对照组比较有统计学意义(基因型:x~2=10.85,P<0.01;等位基因:x~2=5.57,P<0.05)。②腹型肥胖糖尿病组携G等位基因患者Homa-IR、Homa-β明显高于非腹型肥胖糖尿病组携G等位基因患者(P<0.05)。结论:①AGTR1基因A10208G位点多态性与2型糖尿病存在相关性,尤其是伴有腹型肥胖的2型糖尿病患者。②AGTR1基因A10208G位点A→G的突变可能参与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能损伤。     

亲体肾及造血干细胞联合移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤并发慢性肾功能衰竭

目的:肾功能不全是多发性骨髓瘤并发肾脏疾病的主要表现且决定其预后,探讨1例多发性骨髓瘤并发慢性肾功能衰竭患者行肾及造血干细胞联合移植的治疗体会。方法:南京中医药大学附属医院于2005-04采用肾及造血干细胞联合移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤并发慢性肾功能衰竭患者1例,男性,46岁,经严格的配型及常规检查,发现其胞兄为适合的亲体供者,经供、受者双方同意,结合病情资料并复习文献,先制订出详细治疗方案,然后行亲体肾及造血干细胞联合移植。结果:①供者术后恢复顺利,术后第7天拆线出院,肾功能正常。②受者肾移植术后第3天,血肌酐降至98.2μmol/L,肌酐清除率为45.7mL/min,肾功能恢复正常;干细胞移植术后第13天,查血红蛋白为54g/L、白细胞为4.0×109L-1、中性粒细胞为1.92×109L-1、血小板为30×109L-1,受者造血功能逐步重建,同时抽血行短片段串联重复的嵌合体监测证实受者造血干细胞基因型为完全供者型,说明受者造血功能和免疫功能重建。结论:肾及造血干细胞联合移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤并发慢性肾功能衰竭是一种可行、有效的方法;供、受者的良好配型是移植进行的必备基本条件;另外,术后初期患者处于完全性免疫缺陷状态,故手术后的消毒、隔离措施和抗感染治疗是移植成功的关键。     

功能性胃肠病的根源——脑肠轴神经系统记忆假说

功能性胃肠病(functionalgastrointestinaldisorders,FGID)以消化道动力与内脏感觉异常为主要病理生理特征并有多种症状重叠、多变或相互转换以及反复发作、较难治愈等特点;其病因和发病机制目前仍未完全清楚.本文将大脑记忆外延提出FGID的根源是脑肠轴神经系统记忆的假说,并用这个假说解释说明FGID的各种特点,以及治疗FGID的思路和方法.     

Left atrial dimension and atrial fibrillation in surgical heart disease patients

Objective The effect of left atrial (LA) dimension on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been examined in some small studies.Less is known about the relationship of LA dimension,hemodynamic with AF during echocardiographic evaluation,especially,the flow dynamics in LA poorly described.The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between LA dimension and the occurrence of AE Methods Two hundred and forty-five consecutive patients with heart disease scheduled to undergo open heart surgery were prospectively enrolled in the study.Patients were divided into 2 groups according to atrial fibrillation:AF group (n=148,99 men and 49 women,with a mean age 59.3+8.4 years),and no-AF group (n= 97,60 men and 37 womem).Echocardiography was performed before surgery.All measurements were performed following the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.Results There were more patients with congestive heart failure in AF group than in no-AF group (45.9% vs 39.1%,P ＜0.05).The mean LA volume was 49.2±12.2 ml/m2 in AF group and 33.1±10.8 ml/m2 in no-AF group.There were also significant differences between two groups in left atrial end systolic dimension (LAESD) (50±13mm vs 27±14mm),left atrial end diastolic dimension (LAEDD) (79±17mm vs 53±13mm),PA pressure ( 41.3+11.6 mmHg vs 37.5±10.4 mmHg),and ratio of mitral E velocity and septal mitral annulus motion velocity (E/E') .The percentage of abnormal diastolic function grades (DGF) was also higher in AF than in no-AF group (89.9% versus 59.8% );.Conclusion Atrial fibrillation is associated more frequently with an increased LA dimension and more severe atrial hemodynamics disorder.(J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;5:11-4)