The types of heterosexual gender identity disorder

The rationale for dividing the clinical spectrum of DSM-III-R male heterosexual gender identity disorder into three types was examined. The DSM-III-R category of fetishism for female attire, was included in the analysis. There were 266 male participants divided into three groups: 172 fetishists for female attire or gender identity patients, 52 androphiles, and 42 gynephiles. A 16 item questionnaire was used to examine the groups. A three factor scale ("Fetishism", "Gender Dysphoria" and "Androphilia") was derived from the questionnaire. Only the Gender Dysphoria Factor Scale successfully differentiated between all four conditions, supporting the notion that the three types of gender identity disorder represent a continuum of degree of severity of gender dysphoria. Defining two of the three types of gender identity disorder in terms of the patients' self-reports on fetishism, as DSM-III-R does, is therefore unnecessary.     

The T393C polymorphism of the G alpha s gene (GNAS1) is a novel prognostic marker in bladder cancer.

The G protein G(alpha)s pathway is linked to proapoptotic signaling in cancer cell lines. To assess the role of the GNAS1 locus encoding G(alpha)s as a genetic factor for disease progression of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, we genotyped the synonymous T393C polymorphism in 254 patients with TCC (minor allele frequency: 0.43) to examine a potential association between genotypes and disease progression. Using Kaplan-Meier estimates to calculate 5-year probabilities of follow-up, we could show that progression-free survival, metastasis-free survival, and cancer-specific survival was significantly increased in TT genotypes (56%, 84%, 82%) compared with CC genotypes (35%, 53%, 58%). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the T393C polymorphism was an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcome. Homozygous CC patients were at highest risk for progression [odds ratio (OR), 1.94; P = 0.020], metastasis (OR, 3.49; P = 0.005), and tumor-related death (OR, 2.49; P = 0.031) compared with TT genotypes. Heterozygous patients had an intermediate risk compatible with a gene-dose effect. Real-time PCR analysis of urothelial tumor tissue as well as adipose and heart tissue revealed that G(alpha)s mRNA expression was highest in TT genotypes, indicating a proapoptotic effect in these genotypes. In conclusion, the GNAS1 T393C status associated with differential G(alpha)s mRNA expression is a novel independent prognostic marker for clinical outcome supporting a functional role of G(alpha)s in bladder cancer progression.     

Pharmacist involvement in antimicrobial use at rural community hospitals in four Western states.

PURPOSE: Pharmacist involvement in antimicrobial use at small rural hospitals in four Western states was studied. METHODS: Surveys were mailed in July 2000 to hospitals with a daily patient census of <150 in Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and eastern Washington. RESULTS: Seventy-seven (77%) of 100 hospitals returned completed surveys. Only 5% of the hospitals had onsite pharmacists 24 hours per day. An onsite pharmacist was present for a median of 26 hours per week in hospitals without 24-hour pharmacist coverage (range, 0-116 hr/wk). Many hospitals (71%) had policies for monitoring or controlling antimicrobial use, but only 28% had a system capable of monitoring compliance with such policies. Few hospitals had systems for recommending changes in antimicrobial selection on the basis of susceptibility test results (27%) or for monitoring physician compliance with dosage recommendations by pharmacists (21%). Onsite pharmacist hours were significantly associated with pharmacists being involved in the initial ordering of antibiotics and providing active oversight of antimicrobial use. There was a negative correlation between onsite pharmacist hours and use of third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. CONCLUSION: A survey showed that rural hospital pharmacists in four Western states spent relatively little time monitoring and influencing antimicrobial prescribing.     

Prenylated isoflavonoids from the root bark of Erythrina vogelii

Four new prenylated isoflavonoids, vogelins D-G (1-4), were isolated from the CH2Cl2 extract of Erythrina vogelii root bark in addition to the known compounds isolupalbigenin (5), ficuisoflavone (6), ulexone (7), isochandalon (8), and isoderrone (9). The structures 1-4 were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined on the basis of its CD spectrum. Possible biogenetic relationships among the E. vogelii isoflavonoids are briefly discussed.     

Acute and chronic presentation of ectopic pregnancy may be two clinical entities

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is often confirmed at presentation (acute), but often requires serial beta-hCG levels to confirm the diagnosis (chronic). The purpose of this study is to analyze whether these clinical presentations represent a spectrum of disease. DESIGN: The retrospective cohort study of 452 patients diagnosed with EP at the University of Pennsylvania in the years 1990-1999. SETTING: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PATIENT(S): Four hundred fifty-two patients diagnosed with EP. Patients diagnosed with EP were divided into two groups according to the time of diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A total of 37 parameters were examined including historic and demographic factors, findings at presentation, and treatment and outcome variables. RESULT(S): The two groups were similar in terms of historic EP risk factors. Multivariable analysis demonstrates that women with a chronic presentation were less likely to have received fertility medications (odds ratio [OR] 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.84), less likely to present with pain (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.12-0.71), have a lower beta-hCG level at presentation (9,849 mIU/mL +/- 16,726 vs. 1,787 mIU/mL +/- 4,717), lower chance of rupture (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.73), and less frequently have blood type 0. CONCLUSION(S): Women diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy can be categorized into two groups, those with an acute presentation and those with a chronic presentation. Differences in risk factors, presentation, and outcome may reflect differences in trophoblast viability or invasive potential.