全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3985篇 |
免费 | 277篇 |
国内免费 | 27篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 69篇 |
儿科学 | 210篇 |
妇产科学 | 101篇 |
基础医学 | 642篇 |
口腔科学 | 59篇 |
临床医学 | 299篇 |
内科学 | 892篇 |
皮肤病学 | 51篇 |
神经病学 | 281篇 |
特种医学 | 537篇 |
外科学 | 430篇 |
综合类 | 43篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 233篇 |
眼科学 | 97篇 |
药学 | 135篇 |
中国医学 | 4篇 |
肿瘤学 | 205篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 54篇 |
2020年 | 40篇 |
2019年 | 56篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 76篇 |
2015年 | 73篇 |
2014年 | 68篇 |
2013年 | 118篇 |
2012年 | 133篇 |
2011年 | 137篇 |
2010年 | 141篇 |
2009年 | 121篇 |
2008年 | 158篇 |
2007年 | 118篇 |
2006年 | 155篇 |
2005年 | 136篇 |
2004年 | 135篇 |
2003年 | 97篇 |
2002年 | 93篇 |
2001年 | 81篇 |
2000年 | 84篇 |
1999年 | 91篇 |
1998年 | 163篇 |
1997年 | 145篇 |
1996年 | 138篇 |
1995年 | 114篇 |
1994年 | 91篇 |
1993年 | 100篇 |
1992年 | 64篇 |
1991年 | 62篇 |
1990年 | 59篇 |
1989年 | 122篇 |
1988年 | 79篇 |
1987年 | 89篇 |
1986年 | 79篇 |
1985年 | 76篇 |
1984年 | 64篇 |
1983年 | 51篇 |
1982年 | 44篇 |
1981年 | 31篇 |
1980年 | 52篇 |
1979年 | 46篇 |
1978年 | 29篇 |
1977年 | 34篇 |
1976年 | 35篇 |
1975年 | 41篇 |
1974年 | 18篇 |
排序方式: 共有4289条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
We report an adult female with a rare giant choledochal cyst. The patient presented following a normal pregnancy with the classical triad of an abdominal mass associated with jaundice and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The cyst was excised using an intramural technique and biliary reconstruction achieved with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Our patient has remained well with no evidence of malignancy over a 12 year review period. The aetiology and current management of this condition are discussed. 相似文献
12.
13.
Karen J. Chandross David C. Spray Rick I. Cohen Nalin M. Kumar Marian Kremer Rolf Dermietzel John A. Kessler 《Molecular and cellular neurosciences》1996,7(6):479-500
Schwann cell responses to nerve injury are stimulated, in part, by inflammatory cytokines. This study compares changes in the phenotype of cultured Schwann cells after exposure to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or the mitogen neu differentiation factor (NDF)-β. TNFα inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner without altering Schwann cell survival. TNFα also reduced both gap junctional conductance and Lucifer yellow dye coupling between Schwann cells. Moreover, both P0and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity were reduced. By contrast, NDFβ initially had little effect on cell division although it reduced junctional coupling within 8 h. However, by 48 h, NDFβ stimulated proliferation with a concomitant increase in coupling. Dividing Schwann cells (BrdU+) were preferentially dye coupled compared to nondividing cells, indicating an association between proliferation and coupling. Moreover, cultured Schwann cells expressed connexin46 mRNA and protein, and changes in the levels of the protein correlated with the degree of proliferation and coupling. The data thus provide evidence for cytokine-induced modulation of Schwann cell antigenic phenotype, proliferation, and gap junction properties. These observations suggest that enhanced gap junctional communication among Schwann cells after nerve injury could help to coordinate cellular responses to the injury, and that TNFα may be a signal which terminates proliferation as well as junctional communication. 相似文献
14.
Retinopathy of prematurity 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Over the last decade major advances have been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and evolution of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The increased survival of very small premature infants in modern neonatal intensive care units has led to the resurgence of this potentially blinding disease. ROP appears to be a multifactorial disease, the prevention of which is probably impossible even now, with the most accurate methods of blood gas monitoring and oxygen restriction. In addition to oxygen, there are a number of significant risk factors, such as birth weight and gestational age, ventilator hours, hyper and hypocarbia, hypoxia and acidosis, xanthine therapy and probably bright light. Current data suggest that the level of antioxidants in the immature retina is relatively low and therefore oxygen radicals which accumulate in the preterm baby's retina may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ROP. The treatment of the disease in both its "active" and "cicatricial" stages emphasizes the need for a new classification which could serve as a common international language through which results may be compared. Vitamin E was suggested in some studies to be helpful in preventing the severe stages of the disease, but its efficacy has yet to be proved. Treatment modalities such as photocoagulation, cryotherapy and vitrectomy are being tried as a means of therapy in the more advanced stages of the disease. Preliminary results of a large multicenter study support the efficacy of cryotherapy. 相似文献
15.
Na+ dependence of in vitro pancreatic amylase release 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
16.
Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa 总被引:9,自引:7,他引:9
The objective was to test the hypothesis that the optimal cryoprotective
agent for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa would be a solute for which
cells have the highest plasma membrane permeability, resulting in the least
amount of volume excursion during its addition and removal. To test this
hypothesis, theoretical simulations were performed using membrane
permeability coefficients to predict optimal procedures for the addition
and removal of a cryoprotectant. Simulations were performed using data from
four different cryoprotectants: (i) glycerol, (ii) dimethyl sulphoxide,
(iii) propylene glycol and (iv) ethylene glycol. Thermodynamic formulations
were applied to determine approaches for the addition and removal of 1 M
and 2 M final concentrations of cryoprotectant, allowing the spermatozoa to
maintain a cell volume within their osmotic tolerance limits. Based on
these data, ethylene glycol was predicted to be optimal for minimizing
volume excursions among the solutes evaluated. These predictions were then
experimentally tested using glycerol as the control cryoprotectant and
ethylene glycol as the experimental cryoprotectant. The results indicate
that there was a higher (P < 0.05) recovery of motile spermatozoa after
cryopreservation when using 1 M ethylene glycol than with 1 M glycerol,
supporting the hypothesis that use of the cryoprotectant for which the cell
has the highest permeability will result in higher cell survival.
相似文献
17.
Pennings RJ Te Brinke H Weston MD Claassen A Orten DJ Weekamp H Van Aarem A Huygen PL Deutman AF Hoefsloot LH Cremers FP Cremers CW Kimberling WJ Kremer H 《Human mutation》2004,24(2):185
Usher syndrome type II (USH2) is characterised by moderate to severe high-frequency hearing impairment, progressive visual loss due to retinitis pigmentosa and intact vestibular responses. Three loci are known for USH2, however, only the gene for USH2a (USH2A) has been identified. Mutation analysis of USH2A was performed in 70 Dutch USH2 families. Ten mutations in USH2A were detected, of which three are novel, c.949C>A, c.2242C>T (p.Gln748X) and c.4405C>T (p.Gln1468X). Including 9 previously published Dutch USH2a families, estimates of the prevalence of USH2a in the Dutch USH2 population were made. Mutations were identified in 62% of the families. In 28% both mutated alleles were identified, whereas in 34% the mutation in only one allele was found. It is estimated that about 28% of the Dutch USH2 families have a different causative gene. Analysis of deduced haplotypes suggests that c.1256G>T (p.Cys419Phe) is a Dutch ancestral mutation, occurring in 16% of the alleles. 相似文献
18.
H. R. van Doorn P. E. W. de Haas K. Kremer C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls M. W. Borgdorff D. van Soolingen 《Clinical microbiology and infection》2006,12(8):769-775
A previous limited study demonstrated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with a mutation at amino-acid position 315 of katG (Delta315) exhibited high-level resistance to isoniazid and were more frequently resistant to streptomycin. In the present study, isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from 8,332 patients in The Netherlands (1993-2002) were screened for the Delta315 mutation. Isoniazid resistance was found in 592 (7%) isolates, of which 323 (55%) carried Delta315. IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that Delta315 isolates occurred in clusters, suggesting recent transmission, at the same frequency as isoniazid-susceptible isolates. In contrast, other isoniazid-resistant isolates clustered significantly less frequently. Delta315 isolates were high-level isoniazid-resistant, streptomycin-resistant and multidrug-resistant significantly more often, and may have a greater impact on public health, than other isoniazid-resistant isolates. 相似文献
19.
Reiners J van Wijk E Märker T Zimmermann U Jürgens K te Brinke H Overlack N Roepman R Knipper M Kremer H Wolfrum U 《Human molecular genetics》2005,14(24):3933-3943
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most frequent cause of combined deaf-blindness in man. USH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous with at least 11 chromosomal loci assigned to the three USH types (USH1A-G, USH2A-C, USH3A). Although the different USH types exhibit almost the same phenotype in human, the identified USH genes encode for proteins which belong to very different protein classes and families. We and others recently reported that the scaffold protein harmonin (USH1C-gene product) integrates all identified USH1 molecules in a USH1-protein network. Here, we investigated the relationship between the USH2 molecules and this USH1-protein network. We show a molecular interaction between the scaffold protein harmonin (USH1C) and the USH2A protein, VLGR1 (USH2C) and the candidate for USH2B, NBC3. We pinpoint these interactions to interactions between the PDZ1 domain of harmonin and the PDZ-binding motifs at the C-termini of the USH2 proteins and NBC3. We demonstrate that USH2A, VLGR1 and NBC3 are co-expressed with the USH1-protein harmonin in the synaptic terminals of both retinal photoreceptors and inner ear hair cells. In hair cells, these USH proteins are also localized in the signal uptaking stereocilia. Our data indicate that the USH2 proteins and NBC3 are further partners in the supramolecular USH-protein network in the retina and inner ear which shed new light on the function of USH2 proteins and the entire USH-protein network. These findings provide first evidence for a molecular linkage between the pathophysiology in USH1 and USH2. The organization of USH molecules in a mutual 'interactome' related to the disease can explain the common phenotype in USH. 相似文献
20.
Hans Jrg Limbach Christian Holm Kurt Kremer 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》2005,206(1):77-82
Summary: Using extensive Molecular Dynamics simulations we study the behavior of very rigid polyelectrolytes with hydrophobic side chains that are known to form cylindrical micelles in aqueous solution. We investigate the stability of such micelles with respect to hydrophobicity, Coulomb interaction, and micellar size. We show that for the parameter range relevant for poly(p‐phenylene sulfonate)s (PPP) one finds a stable finite micellar size close to the experimental parameter region. We also point out that our model has some similarities to DNA solutions with added condensing agents, hinting to the possibility that the size of DNA aggregates is under certain circumstances thermodynamically limited.